1. Prevalence of Positive Widal test among Healthy Personnel in Kerbala
Dr. Ali A.K. Abutiheen
Dr. Muneer Altumma
Dr. Riyadh Heniwa
Dr. Zahra Al-Mosawi
Dr. Zainab Al-Mosawi

2. Introduction
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever is still an existing health problem in many developing countries.
The prevalence is directly related to unsafe water, improper sanitation & poor hygiene practices at individual & community levels.
The absolute diagnosis of typhoid fevers is by isolation of bacteria from blood, stool, urine or bone marrow cultures.

3. Diagnosis of typhoid fever based on clinical presentation is non-convenient any more.
Isolation of bacteria by culture is very limited for various reasons including non-availability, time consuming, improper techniques use, non-trust of physicians with lab results
Wide spread misuse and self-administration of antibiotics by patients and people in Iraq and many other countries aggravates problem .

4. Widal test
Widal test is an old agglutination test that been used for more than 100 years.
The most widely used method for diagnosis of typhoid fever in many developing countries.
Even with the drawbacks: non-specificity, cross-reactivity, high false positives .
Still used quite a lot, as no simple, reliable & applicable alternative methods available.
It’s a cheap, traditional, easy, rapid and available method.

5. Widal test and ABs titers for both O and H varies greatly with endemicity level.
No baseline titer for typhoid antibodies had been documented in Iraq.
An AB titer of ≥1/160 considered positive for typhoid fever when associated with suggestive clinical presentation.
Specifically for the AB O which is more associated with acute infection
Leukopenia presence is more convincing.

6. Aims of study
To estimate the prevalence of Widal test positives in serum of healthy young personnel in Kerbala city.

7. Methods
A cross sectional study conducted in Kerbala city, blood samples collection done for the period from April10-30, 2010.
Healthy young adults aged yrs old, whom agreed to participate & signed consents to donate extra 2 ml of blood after the objectives of study been explained for them.
None had history of fever, specific headache or any significant ill health within last 2 months or typhoid fever within last 6 months.

8. Standard Widal tube agglutination test method used.
A titer of ≤ 1/80 considered negative.
A titer of 1/80, 1/160 and 1/320 or more considered as clinically significant.
A titer of ≥ 1/160 was considered positive.
White blood cells count (WBC) was measured using manual count in chamber technique

9. Statistical Analysis
Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS (Statistical package for social science) program version 15, Chi square test used for analysis of qualitative data, and Student’s t test used for analysis of quantitative data. Statistical significance was considered when p value was less than 0.05.

10. Results & Discussion A total 107 blood sample collected.
Males were 52 (48.6%) and females were 55 (51.4%) of the sample.
Age range from years with a mean ± SD of 22.8 ± 3.66 years,
Those who had a titer of ≥ 1/80 were 51.4% of the for TO antibody, other ABs titers were 44.9%, 47%, 44.9% for TH, BO and BH respectively.

11. Table 1: Antibodies titers for different Salmonella species
Antibody Titer
Antibody
Negative
N %
1/80
N %
1/160
1/320
Total
S. typhi O % % % %
107
S. typhi H % % % %
S. paratyphi BO % % % %
S. paratyphi BH %
AB TO titer was the most prevalent AB, were 51.2% have elevated titer (≥1/80)

12. % are much higher than recorded among healthy blood donors in Baquba by Hasan et al 2011 for ABs of TO, BO, and BH which were 11.3%, 11.3%, 10.6% respectively. While TH is less (36.3%)
Figure 1: Prevalence of Widal test positive (≥ 1/160) for various serotypes

13. Ramirez et al. 2012 in Mexico city, Taiwo et al. 2007 in Nigeria
There were wide differences in titers even within same countries, this could be related to endemicity difference, or due to different techniques and material used, that is another problem with the Widal test.**
These titers are higher than other studies done on healthy populations, as:
Willke et al 2002 in Turkey .
Several studies in India showed lower AB titers, including Bijapur et al 2014, Pal et al. 2013, Gunjal et al. 2013, Mohanty and Ramana 2007.
Ramirez et al in Mexico city,
Taiwo et al in Nigeria

14. Slightly higher among females, but non significant
Table 2: Relation between gender and Widal test results
Gender
P value
Male
N %
Female %
Total % TO
Positive % % %
0.557
Negative % % % TH % % %
0.652 % % % BO % % %
0.526 % % % BH % % %
0.813 % % %
Slightly higher among females, but non significant

15. No ssociation with age Age in years P value Mean SD TO TH BO BH
Table 3: Relation between age and Widal test results
Age in years
P value N
107
Mean
22.80 SD
3.67 TO
Positive 45
22.49
4.10
0.452
Negative 62
23.03
3.33 TH 25
23.32
4.64
0.424 82
22.65 BO 30
21.73
1.46
0.059 77
23.22
4.16 BH 22
22.05
1.39
0.278 85
23.00
4.04

16. Slightly lower WBC count among positives, but non significant
Table 4: Relation between WBC count and Widal test results
WBCs /mm3
P value N
107
Mean
7038 SD
1966 TO
Positive 45
6920
1885
0.598
Negative 62
7124
2034 TH 25
6852
1952
0.591 82
7095
1979 BO 30
6790
2072
0.417 77
7135
1928 BH 22
6868
2281
0.651 85
7082
1889

17. Diagnosis of typhoid fever infection is a real problem for physicians in Iraq, and giving a negative diagnosis for it is another problem.
Difficulty of getting an accurate or reliable diagnostic test.
Misuse or habitual use of antibiotics and the habitual or misuse of Widal test for diagnosis of typhoid aggravates condition.

18. The antigen- antibody (IgE and IgM) test for typhoid are increasingly used in Iraq?!
Apparently they have similar problem as with Widal test, and there is a real need to evaluate their validity and reliability in diagnosis of typhoid.

19. Conclusions & Recommendations
AB titers for different Salmonella species is quite prevalent among healthy population in Karbala, and high percent of false positive Widal test.
This makes the relay on Widal test for diagnosis of typhoid is very weak, & nonscientific even at higher levels.
The situation could be generated for Iraq.

20. Conclusions & Recommedations (cont.)
There is a need for another effective specific and applicable tests to be introduced and evaluated, such as cultures, PCR and others
The need to estimate basic Salmonella ABs titers among Iraqi population.
The antigen- antibody (IgE and IgM) test for typhoid need to be studied and evaluated.
Full article published in ( Karbala Journal of Medicine Vol.8, No.2, DEC, 2015

21. Thanks for Listening Dr. Ali Abutiheen Consultant Family Physician
Kerbala University- College of Medicine
Family & Community Medicine Department