1. Exploring Brownian motion
Aseel Samaro

4. Introduction
Particles are very small and cannot be seen except with special equipment.
How did we first discover that matter was made from particles that can move in liquids?

5. Making observation
Scientific theories are developed as a result of making observations, developing a hypothesis and testing this in further investigations.
An important part of this process is ‘peer review’ – other scientists perform similar experiments to confirm the initial observations.
The idea that particles move was developed in this way, but over many years

6. In 1785 Jan Ingenhauz first noticed a random movement of charcoal dust in alcohol.
In 1827, the Scottish botanist Robert Brown was studying pollen grains in water under a microscope
He observed that particles from the grains moved around in a random motion – this came to be called ‘Brownian motion’
He did not know what caused the movement and carried out further investigations to develop a hypothesis.

8. What is a hypothesis? A scientific explanation based on experimental evidence Why is it important for other scientists to confirm experimental observations? others can confirm that your evidence is reliable and without bias

9. Devolving hypotheses
Brown tested other pollen grains and found that smaller, more spherical grains had even more vigorous motion.
He suspected that Brownian motion could have been produced because the pollen grains were living.

10. He then tested pollen from dead plants and found the same result.
He wondered if there was some mysterious ‘life force’ at this microscopic level.
He tested fossilised wood and dust from a stone that had been part of the Sphinx, an ancient Egyptian statue.
Any material, dead or alive, produced this same random motion under the microscope.
He could not explain this motion with the ideas established during his time.

11. How did he test this hypothesis?
Identify one hypothesis Robert Brown that had developed concerning his observations.
Only living things caused Brownian motion to occur
How did he test this hypothesis?
He carried out many investigations using non-living objects

12. Using models and analogies to connect idea
Fifty years later, scientists were developing the kinetic theory, which included the idea that matter was made of particles.
The theory attempted to explain the properties and motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases.
Scientists deduced that the Brownian motion shown by pollen in water was caused by the particles of the liquid colliding with the pollen grains – however, this conflicted with some existing ideas.

13. Thank you