1. Chapter 21

2. Essential Question
In what ways did African Americans fight discrimination during the civil rights era?
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3. Vocabulary Terms
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4. THURGOOD MARSHALL
Was an American civil rights lawyer, solicitor general, and the first African American to serve as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
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5. Brown v. Board of Education
A 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” education for black and white students was unconstitutional.
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6. Rosa Parks
A seamstress and an NAACP officer who refused to give her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus.
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7. Martin Luther King Jr.
Led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president.
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8. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Purpose was “to carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship.”
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9. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Founded in April 1960, by young people who had emerged as leaders of the sit-in protest movement initiated on February 1 of that year by four black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina.
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10. Sit-ins
A form of demonstration used by African Americans to protest discrimination, in which the protestors sit down in a segregated business and refuse to leave until they were served.
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11. Freedom rider
One of the civil rights activists who rode buses through the South in the early 1960s to challenge segregation.
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12. James Meredith
Won a court case that allowed him to enroll in the all-white University of Mississippi.
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13. Medgar Evans
NAACP field secretary and WWII veteran was killed by a sniper.
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14. Freedom Summer
A 1964 project to register African-American voters in Mississippi.
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15. Fannie Lou Hamer
The daughter of a Mississippi sharecropper, would be the voice at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Described how she was jailed for registering to vote in 1962.
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16. Voting Rights Act of 1965
The act eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified many voters.
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17. Racial separation established by practice and custom, not by law.
De facto segregation
Racial separation established by practice and custom, not by law.
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18. Racial separation established by law.
De jure segregation
Racial separation established by law.
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19. Malcolm X
Joined the Nation of Islam. Developed a philosophy of black superiority and separatism from whites.
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20. Nation of Islam
African American movement and organization, founded in 1930 and known for its teachings combining elements of traditional Islam with black nationalist ideas. Promotes racial unity and self-help and maintains a strict code of discipline among members.
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21. Stokely Carmichael
Plunged headlong into the civil rights revolution. Answered the phone with words, “Ready for the Revolution.” Changed his name to Kwame Toure. Embraced the concept that African nations should unite.
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22. Black Panthers
A militant African American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto.
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23. Polarization
Separation into opposite camps.
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24. Kerner Commission
A group that was appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence and tha recommended the elimination of de facto segregation in American society.
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25. A law that banned discrimination in housing.
Civil Rights Act of 1968
A law that banned discrimination in housing.
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26. Affirmative Action
A policy that seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantage.
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27. Quota
Requirement that a certain number of positions are filled by minorities.
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