1. ELI-Miniworkshop on Biological Imaging with Intense
Ultra-Short x-Ray Pulses
Guests from University Uppsala
Group of Prof. Janos Hajdu (BMC)
Janos Hajdu
Nicusor Timneanu
Jakob Andreasson
Tomas Ekeberg
Structural Biology Labs
Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
Pioneering work on imaging using -xrays

2. 09:30 - 09:45 ELI Introduction, x-ray sources 15'
Georg Korn (Fyzikální ústav AV ČR v.v.i.)
09: :15 Imaging with Short Intense X-ray Pulses 30'
Janos Hajdu (BMC)
10: :35 Current challenges in Structural Biology, Introduction of Structural Biology Team at IOCB 20'
Pavlina Rezacova (IOCB)
10: :05 From Diffractive Imaging to Structure Reconstruction 30'
Tomas Ekeberg (BMC)
11: :20 coffee break
11: :50 Science at the extremes - from high energy density to structural biology 30'
Nicusor Timneanu (BMC)
11: :20 Research-driven instrument development at the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics 30'
Jakob Andreasson (BMC)
12: :45 lunch break
13: :15 X-ray Detection with the Timepix Detector 30'
Jan Jakubek (UTEF)
14: :45 Possible Molecular Biology Projects at ELI Beamlines 30'
Bohdan Schneider (BIOCEV)
14: :00 coffee break
15: :30 ELI Experimental Station for Structural Dynamics of Biomolecules 30'
Tomáš Polivka (IPB)
15: :00 Influencing and probing biostructures at ELI Beamlines 30'
Libor Juha (Fyzikální ústav AV ČR, v. v. i.)

3. Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences,
ELI-Miniworkshop on Biological Imaging with Intense Ultra-Short x-Ray Pulses
Sources of Coherent and Incoherent Short X-rays Pulses Planned within ELI
Georg Korn
Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences,
Prague, Czech Republic

4. ELI-Beamlines missions : fundamental and applied research
- High-repetition rate and high average power lasers using diode-pumping
- Ultra-high peak power of 10 PW, focused intensities up to 1024 Wcm-2
1. Generation of rep-rated femtosecond secondary sources of radiation and particles
- XUV and X-ray sources (monochromatic and broadband)
- Accelerated electrons (2 GeV 10 Hz rep-rate, 100 GeV low rep-rate), protons ( MeV 10 Hz rep-rate, >3 GeV low-rep-rate), first step 60 MeV-eye surgery (eye melanoma treatment)
- Gamma-ray sources (broadband)
2. Programmatic applications of rep-rated femtosecond secondary sources
- Medical research including proton therapy
- Molecular, biomedical and material sciences
- Physics of dense plasmas, laser fusion, laboratory astrophysics
3. High-field physics experiments with focused intensities Wcm-2
- “Exotic” physics, non-linear QED: sophisticated pump-probe capabilities
4. Development & testing new technologies for multi-PW laser systems
- Generation and compression of 10-PW ultrashort pulses, coherent superposition, etc.

5. Research Programs ELI-beamlines

6. Detailed organization of the building
Ground floor
Laser systems

7. Plasma based x-ray lasers
Laser-driven x-rays : several approaches
K-alpha emission
Harmonics (solid)
Harmonics (gas)
Probe laser
Solid
target
Pump Laser
K-alpha
Prepulse
X-rays from
relativistic e-beams
Plasma based x-ray lasers

8. Main limitations : tunability, polychromaticity, divergence
K-alpha emission : easy and ultrafast x-ray source
- Monochromatic
- Fully divergent
- Duration 100 fs
- KHz rep. rate
- Flux : 1e9 ph/shot
Main limitations : tunability, polychromaticity, divergence

9. Rose-Petruck et al Nature 398, 310-312 (25 March 1999)
K-alpha emission appropriate for pump-probe experiments with 100 fs time resolution
Rose-Petruck et al Nature 398, (25 March 1999)

10. Rousse et al. Nature 410 (6824) 65 (2001)
K-alpha emission appropriate for pump-probe experiments with 100 fs time resolution
Rousse et al. Nature 410 (6824) 65 (2001)

11. λ (nm) High-Order Harmonic Generation in Gases
HHG based on laser-gas interaction at moderate intensities ( W/cm2)
Odd harmonics of the IR laser
Short pulses (limited by the IR pulse duration)
Collimated, coherent beam
Tunability
Cheap and convenient
H19
H23
H25
H21
H27
H29
H31
λ (nm)
H19
H23
H25
H21
H27
H29
H31
λ (nm) 11

12. H43 H23 H17 High order harmonics generation : spectra Neon at 19 nm
phot/harm/shot
Efficiency :5 e-8
Argon at 34 nm
1010 phot/harm/shot
Efficiency :3 e-5
Xenon at 46 nm
6 109 phot/harm/shot
Efficiency : 7 e-6

13. High-Order Harmonic Generation in gases using two colors

14. Performances of HHG sources (gas)
kHz, 1 mJ, Phase 1
kHz, 100 mJ, Phase 2
Wavelength nm
Photons/shot
107 to 109 at 10 Hz
few
Δλ/λ
10-2
Divergence
<1 mrad
Spatial profil
Gaussian-like
Wavefront
λ/10
Duration
Sub fs
Transverse coherence
High
Long. coherence OK
Polarization
Linear

15. Harmonics from solid target plasma, later stage

16. Spectral range Number of photons Pulse duration 20-70 eV (Al filter)
ELI front end unit: 1 J, 5 fs , 10 Hz
Focal spot ds = 10 μm
IL=2.5x1020 W/cm2  aL~11
Spectral
range
Number
of photons
Pulse
duration
20-70 eV
(Al filter)
~7 *1015
84 as eV
(Zr filter)
~2*1014
38 as eV
(Cu filter)
~2*1012
5 as
Y. Nomura et al., Nature Phys. 5, 124 (2009)
B. Dromey et al, Nature Phys. 2, 456 (2006)
G. D. Tsakiris et al. New J. Phys. 8, 19(2006)

17. HHG from plasma mirror : at 1 to 10 PW

18. Seeded soft x-ray lasers : principle

19. Prospect on x-ray lasers using ELI
Accessible with 1 PW
Wavelength: 3 to 40 nm
Energy: few 100 µJ
Duration : 0.2 to 1 ps
Diffraction limited
Fully coherent
Linearly polarized
Accessible with 1 kHz pumping
Wavelength: 1.3 to 40 nm
Energy: few µJ
Duration : 1 ps
Diffraction limited
Fully coherent
Linearly polarized

20. Plasma wave acceleration : State of the art
He gas jet
Energy: up to 200 MeV
Spectrum: Monochromatic or broadband
Charge: up to a few 100s pC
Divergence: a few mrad
Duration: fs
50 TW
laser mm
Electron
bunch
Faure et al., Nature 2004, Mangles et al, Nature 2004, Geddes et al, Nature 2004
Caplilary
Energy: up to 1 GeV
Spectrum: Monochromatic
Charge: up to a few 10s pC cm
Leemans et al, Nature Phys, 2006
Spectrum: Monochromatic tunable
Faure et al, Nature, 2006

21. We need relativistic electrons
Moving charge radiation
Radiated energy
Velocity
Acceleration Rc β .
Electron
We need relativistic electrons
undergoing oscillations

22. Non-linear Thomson scattering Thomson Backscattering
X-rays from relativistic e-beams : techniques
Non-linear Thomson scattering
Betatron radiation
Thomson Backscattering
Classical undulator

23. Extrapolation up to 10 PW, Betatron

24. X-ray Compton scattering
NX,ωX
Electron
Laser
a0,ω0 γ
Modest electrons energies can produce high energy x-rays
ωx=4γ2ω0
10 keV
100 keV
20 MeV
65 MeV
The flux depends on the electron charge Ne and a02
Nx ∝ a02 x Ne

25. X-ray Compton scattering: “the easy method”
Faisceau de rayonnement X jusqu’au MeV
He gas jet
50 TW / 30 fs
laser
Foil, blade
K. Ta Phuoc et al, Submitted, 2011

26. Beam profile Compton scattering x-rays
Phosphor screen
50 TW / 30 fs
laser
CCD
Compton scattering x-rays
● High energy x-ray beam. 18 mrad FWHM

27. Beam profile Compton scattering x-rays Bremsstrahlung background
Phosphor screen
50 TW / 30 fs
laser
CCD
Compton scattering x-rays
● High energy x-ray beam. 18 mrad FWHM
He gas jet
50 microns Al filter
Phosphor screen
50 TW / 30 fs
laser
CCD
Bremsstrahlung background

28. Source features ● 108 photons / shot ● 1021 photons / s / mm2 / mrad2
● Source size 1.5 microns
● few femtosecond duration

29. Peliminary implementation in E1 and E2
kHz E2
PW, 10 Hz

30. → combine conventional and plasma acceleration at DESY
basic setup
M. Fuchs,…,F. Grüner, Nature Physics 5, 826 (2009)
plasma stage
undulator sub-cm period
diagnostics/ applications
high-intensity laser energy ~ J pulse length ~ 25 fs
power: 100 TW → few PW
magnetic lenses 500 T/m gradient
key challenges for FEL: energy spread, charge, emittance
→ combine conventional and plasma acceleration at DESY

31. F. Grüner, ELI-workshop, Prague 2010
Towards laser driven XFEL
F. Grüner, ELI-workshop, Prague 2010
layout from start-to-end simulations for a 5 keV-XFEL:
5 fs X-ray pulse length
2 GeV electrons, 1 nC charge
~ 1012 photons / shot
peak brilliance ~ 1030 ph/(s mm² mrad² 0.1 % bw)
needs few PW-laser → ELI!!
Diagnostics of short bunches, Detector development
In collaboration with DESY

32. Detailed organization of the building
Ground floor
Laser systems

33. user meeting next october 2012

38. CONCLUSION Conclusions
● variety of laser-driven short pulse x-ray sources with very different parameters will be available at ELI-beamlines
● A lot of things to be done using multi-beam, high rep. rate….
● most promising sources for imaging
laser driven LUX and X-FEL (molecular imaging, diffractive)
Betatron (phase-contrast imaging)
k-alpha (imaging and diffraction)
● Laser driven x-ray sources can be coupled to e-beam or proton beams for unique pump-probe experiments

39. ELI Beamlines facility schematic
Laser system
Exp areas

40. Technologies of rep-rate pump lasers for ELI-Beamlines / 1
L1: Thin disk pump technology
Development carried out by MPQ/LMU/MBI
ELI-Beamlines: cooperation on development of multipass-amps,
development of 1.5 J / 1 kHz system

41. Helium cooling circuit
Technologies of rep-rate pump lasers for ELI-Beamlines / 2
L2 & L3: Multislab technology using He gas cooling
Development of cryogenic Yb:YAG amplifier technology at RAL/STFC essential for ELI-Beamlines Technology demonstrated at LLNL: 60 J/10 Hz Mercury laser
ELI-Beamlines: cooperation on development of Yb:YAG technology
Cryostat
Transfer
lines
Amplifier head
Helium cooling circuit
Study of layout of a Yb:YAG 100 J system for ELI-Beamlines and HiLASE
According to RAL/STFC (courtesy of K. Ertel and J. Collier)

42. Vibration analysis of the laser building
Master structural model
Monolithic structure (laser and experimental areas)
Supporting technologies (air conditioning, vacuum pumps, etc.) & auxiliary laboratories
Analysis of vibrations of the building has accounted for actual sources of vibration measured on the site
Results yield amplitudes lower than one micron on the floor of laser & experimental halls

43. Target halls in the basement: radiology classification of areas
Example of bulk shielding calculations: Experimental hall E6 (proton acceleration)
µSv / 100 shots
10,000
1,000
500
100 25
12.5 4
2.5
0.5
Laser and ventilation duct penetrations, 0.5 m below roof

44. 2-3 rooms dedicated to fs X-rays and applications

45. Electron acceleration (LWFA) with 250 J laser pulses

46. Towards laser driven XFEL, LUX beamline
2 GeV electrons, 5 keV, short and tunable x-ray pulses, Diagnostics of short bunchesDetector development
In collaboration with DESY