1. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL 1. 1819 - 1891 2. HARVARD POET
2. HARVARD POET
3. THE VISION OF SIR LAUNFAL (1848)

2. ORDER DIPTERA (TRUE FLIES)
1. CONTAINS SOME 150,000 SPECIES IN WORLD, AND 21,000 SPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA
2. CLASSIFICATION INCLUDES PRIMITIVE AND MORE ADVANCED FAMILIES

3. HIGHER FLIES THAT FEED ON NITROGEN-FIXING MICROORGANISMS
1. FAMILY EPHYDRIDAE (SHORE FLIES)
2. FAMILY PLATYSTOMATIDAE (ROOT-NODULE FLIES)
3. FAMILY MICROPEZIDAE (STILT-LEGGED FLIES)

4. FAMILY EPHYDRIDAE (SHORE FLIES)
1. A LARGE, WIDELY DISTRIBUTED FAMILY, WITH SOME 500 SPECIES IN N. AMERICA
2. LARVAL FEEDING HABITS
MANY ARE SCAVENGERS
SEVERAL FEED ON ALGAE
A FEW ARE LEAF MINERS
A VERY FEW ARE PREDATORS
A FEW FEED ON CYANOBACTERIA

5. CONSUMERS OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
TRIBE HYADININI HOST
AXYSTA LYNGYBA
HYADINA CYLINDROSPERMUM
LYTOGASTER CYLINDROSPERMUM
PELINA CYLINDROSPERMUM
PELINOIDES UNKNOWN
PSEUDOHYADINA UNKNOWN
TRIBE PHILYGRIINI
NOSTIMA OSCILLATORIA
PHILYGRIA OSCILLATORIA

6. CYLINDROSPERMUM, A GENUS OF WET-SOIL HABITATS

7. LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA 1. LARVAE FEED ON SOIL-INHABITING CYLINDROPSERMUM
2. TYPICALLY, SEVERAL LARVAE FEED TOGETHER ON THE CYANOBACTERIUM

8. EGGS OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA

9. LARVA OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA

10. PHARYNGEAL RIDGES IN LARVA OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA

11. PELINA TRUNCATULA
1. LARVAE ATTACK CYLINDROSPERMUM IN MORE AQUATIC HABITATS
2. GENERALLY NOT IN SAME HABITATS AS LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA

12. LARVA OF PELINA TRUNCATULA

13. NOSTIMA APPROXIMATA 1. LARVAE FEED ON SPECIES OF OSCILLATORIA
2. FOUND MOST COMMONLY IN DRIER GRASSY HABITATS

14. NOSTIMA LARVAE FEEDING ON OSCILLATORIA

15. ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA
1. IMPORTANT AGENTS OF NITROGEN-FIXATION IN AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL HABITATS
2. AN ABUNDANT FOOD SOURCE THAT IS HEAVILY DEFENDED

16. POSSIBLE DEFENSES IN CYANOBACTERIA
1. PRESENCE OF MUCILAGINOUS SHEATHS
2. NATURE OF STORED NUTRIENTS
3. FILAMENTOUS GROWTH FORM
4. PRESENCE OF DEFENSIVE CHEMICALS

17. EVIDENCE OF PROTECTIVE ROLE OF DEFENSIVE CHEMICALS IN BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
1. NO PARASITOID WASPS HAVE BEEN REARED FROM HUNDREDS OF FIELD-COLLECTED LARVAE OR PUPARIA OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA
2. NO PREDATION BY BEETLE LARVAE HAS BEEN OBSERVED

18. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA
1. SOURCE OF NATURAL FOOD ADDITIVES (E. G., SPIRULINA)
2. POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL SOURCE OF HYDROGEN (E. G., OSCILLATORIA) FOR FUEL CELLS

19. FAMILY PLATYSTOMATIDAE (ROOT-NODULE FLIES)
1. A VERY LARGE FAMILY IN THE OLD WORLD TROPICS AND IN THE ORIENT
2. NOT WELL DEVELOPED IN THE NEW WORLD
3. ONLY 41 N. AMERICAN SPECIES

20. THE GENUS RIVELLIA 3. LARVAE ATTACK NITROGEN-FIXING NODULES OF LEGUMES
4. SOME SPECIES HAVE SHIFTED TO AGRICULTURALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS (E.G., SOYBEAN)

21. RIVELLIA MELLIGINIS

22. ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA (BLACK LOCUST)

23. AMPHICARPAEA BRACTEATA (HOG PEANUT)

24. DESMODIUM PANICULATUM (STICKTIGHT)

25. APIOS AMERICANA (GROUND NUT)

26. NODULES IN APIOS

27. RIVELLIA LARVA FEEDING ON NODULE

28. FEEDING HOLE IN ROOT NODULES

29. OVERWINTERING LARVAE OF RIVELLIA

30. AGRICULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT SPECIES OF LEGUMES
1. RED CLOVER BEANS
2. WHITE CLOVER PEAS
3. ALFALFA (8. KUDZU)
4. SOYBEAN
5. PEANUT

31. TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE (RED CLOVER)

32. TRIFOLIUM (WHITE CLOVER

33. ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA)

34. SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX)

35. PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA)

36. RIVELLIA IS SHIFTING TO ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS
1. SHIFT FROM NATIVE VIGNA LUTEOLA TO
INTRODUCED V. UNGUICULATA (BLACK-EYED PEA)
2. SHIFT OF R. QUADRIFASCIATA FROM NATIVE DESMODIUM TO SOYBEAN
3. AN INTRODUCED SPECIES NOW IN EASTERN CANADA ATTACKS MANY LEGUMES IN EUROPE

37. FAMILY MICROPEZIDAE (STILT-LEGGED FLIES)
1. FAMILY IS LARGELY TROPICAL IN DISTRIBUTION, WITH SOME 33 SPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA.
2. LARVAE OF MOST SPECIES ARE SCAVENGERS

38. A LOCAL SPECIES OF MICROPEZIDAE

39. THE GENUS MICROPEZA 1. LARVAE ATTACK ROOT NODULES OF LEGUMES
2. ONLY 17 SPECIES OF MICROPEZA IN NORTH AMERICA, BUT SOME 46 SPECIES IN THE NEW WORLD TROPICS.

40. MICROPEZA SETIVENTRIS

41. MICROPEZA VS. RIVELLIA
3. SHOWS INTERESTING RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GENUS RIVELLIA (PLATYSTOMATIDAE)
RIVELLIA MOSTLY IN THE EASTERN STATES
MICROPEZA MOSTLY IN THE WESTERN STATES
RIVELLIA RARE IN NEW WORLD TROPICS, WHEREAS MICROPEZA IS ABUNDANT THERE

42. MICROPEZA VS. RIVELLIA
RIVELLIA IS POORLY REPRESENTED IN NEW WORLD TROPICS
MICROPEZA IS ABUNDANT IN NEW WORLD TROPICS
LARVAE MAY ATTACK TROPICAL TREE LEGUMES

43. DISTRIBUTION OF MICROPEZA SETIVENTRIS

44. GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA (WILD LICORICE)

45. MAN’S VIEW OF INSECTS