1. DO NOW Get out your homework
Turn in Animal Population Survey & Population Ecology Practice
Explain the difference between a population and a community.
2. What type of graph is
shown?
What type of organisms have this type of
growth?

2. Community Interactions

3. Predator-Prey (Predation)
One organism benefits and the other is killed.
It occurs rapidly and prey is typically killed.

4. Example: Snake and Frog

5. “Tricks” for catching Prey or avoiding Predation
Camouflage

10. Mimicry

12. Living stone

13. Orchid & bee

14. Hognose mimics cobra

16. dead

17. Aggressive mimicry
Preying mantis

18. Both are harmed in the relationship
Competition
Two organisms use the same space and resources at the same time; have to fight.
Both are harmed in the relationship

19. Example: Kudzu and Native Plants
Kudzu was introduced to the
United States in 1876 at the
Centennial Exposition in
Philadelphia, PA.
It “out competes” other
native plants so they don’t
have a place to grow.

21. Both organisms benefit from their relationship.
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit from their relationship.

22. Example: Cleaner shrimp and other Fish
These shrimp set up
large cleaning stations
on the reef where fish
will come to have
parasites picked from
their skin. The shrimp
gets a constant food
source and the fish (eel in this case) gets rid of
potentially dangerous
parasites

23. Cleaner Shrimp and Grouper

25. One organism benefits and other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Commensalism
One organism benefits and other is neither harmed nor benefited.

26. Example: Shark and Remora
The remora benefits by getting food from the shark’s meal.
There is no apparent benefit to the shark.

28. Remora without its shark
Note the sucker on the head of the remora (or suckerfish)

29. Parasitism
One individual benefits and the other is harmed. Parasites rarely kill their hosts because to do so would ultimately harm the parasite!

30. Example: Tick and Host

31. Roles

32. Niche
The role & position a species has in it environment. Includes all interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.

33. Fundamental Niche Realized Niche
conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species
entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself.

34. Generalists & Specialists
thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet.

35. Competitive Exclusion
Two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot coexist.
Protozoans grown separately & together

36. Niche Differentiation
AKA: Niche Partitioning or resource partitioning
Competing species use the niche differently, helps them coexist

37. Keystone Species*
A species on which other species largely depend. If removed, ecosystem changes drastically

38. How well do you understand community interactions?

39. Clownfish and Anemone
The clownfish gets protection from the anemone and in
return protects the anemone from fish that would eat it
(angelfish); the clownfish also keeps the anemone free of
dirt and debris.

40. Mutualism

41. Cheetah and Antelope

42. Predator-Prey

43. Aphids feed on the sap of the plant they are on.
Aphid and Ant
Aphids feed on the sap of the plant they are on.
Ants use their antennae to stimulate the aphids and cause them to excrete from their abdomen a substance called honeydew which is rich in the nutrients ants require.
Ants, in return for the honeydew, protect the aphids from predators such as flies, wasps, and beetles.

45. Mutualism

46. Pollination
Plants provide nectar to attract pollinators; Nectar is food; Pollinators pick up sperm and transfer it to another plant.
pollen

48. Mutualism

49. There is no apparent benefit to the cow.
Egret and Cattle
The cattle stir up grasshoppers and other insects that the egret likes to eat.
There is no apparent benefit to the cow.

50. Commensalism

51. Wasp and Hornworm Larva
Adult wasps insert their eggs beneath the skin of the hornworm larva.
The eggs hatch and the young feed hornworm until they form a pupa.
The worm is killed.

52. Parasitism

53. The spider is eating an insect that it has trapped.
Spider and Insect
The spider is eating an insect that it has trapped.

54. Predator-Prey

55. Eagle and Fish

56. Predator-Prey

57. The whale does not “appear” to be harmed.
Whale and Barnacle
The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the whale. This habitat is a good one for providing food.
The whale does not “appear” to be harmed.

58. Commensalism

59. Ants and Acacia Trees
Ants hollow out the large thorns of the plant for nests and feed on sweet secretions from the base of each leaf.
The ants in return protect the trees from herbivores that would eat the leaves.

60. Mutualism

61. Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of other trees.
Mistletoe and Plants
Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of other trees.
It can photo- synthesize a little but not enough to meet its needs. The tree can be very harmed.

62. Parasitism

63. OxPecker Bird and Hoofed Mammal
The oxpecker eats parasites on the mammal which is food for the bird and removal of danger for the mammal

64. More Ox (?) peckers

65. Another ox(?)pecker

66. Mutualism