1. Biofuels as a Sustainable Logistics Solution
Lecturers: Jorma J. Imppola
Summer School 2016
ŠKODA AUTO University
Mladá Boleslav
Czech Republic

2. Biofuels
In an EU directive (2009/98/EY) biofuels are defined as biomass originated liquid or gaseous fuels used in transport.
Biofuels are for example bioethanol, biodiesel (FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters like Rapeseed Methyl Ester RME), biogas, biomethanol, biodimethylether, bioETBE, bioMTBE, bioTAEE, synthetic biofuels, biohydrogen and pure vegetable oil.
Bioliquids are liquid fuels produced from biomass for energy use other than transport (including heating).

3. Biofuels
Biofuels refined from biomaterials can be used as a substitute for transport fossil fuels and by this we could decrease the oil dependence and environmental effects.
If the biofuels are made of domestic raw materials it will also increase the domestic business and energy self-sufficiency.
In practice biofuels addition into motor fuels is done by mixing bio-based alcohols (like ethanol and butanol) into gasoline in increasing amounts and similarly biodiesel into diesel.
Also the biogas is a is a potential fuel for substituting fossil gasoline and diesel in traffic use.
Biogas can be use in biogas motor vehicles as a parallel fuel with gasoline or diesel. These kinds of vehicles are so called hybrid vehicles.

4. Biofuels
The interest in biofuel use in traffic is growing especially because biofuels can be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport and to reduce dependence of ever dwindling fossil petroleum.
Simultaneously, the level of domesticity on traffic fuels could be improved and redirect money from oil imports to domestic forest and energy industry and raw material producers like farm and forest entrepreneurs.

5. The Biofuels Suitable for Transport
Are for example:
Biodiesel
Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biomethanol
ETBE (Ethyl tert-butyl ether) = ethered bioethanol
Bio-oil
Biogas
Wood gas (gasogene)
Besides transport biofuels production, biomass can be used as raw material for liquid fuels for heating, for example .

6. Sustainable Production of Biofuels
Liquid biofuels can be produced from several different biomasses by using a variety of technologies.
One practical example is presented in the UPM BioVerno case study.

7. First Generation Biofuels
So called first generation transport biofuels are already produced globally by raw materials containing sugars or starch (bioethanol) or plants and other biological raw materials containing vegetable oils (biodiesel).
Currently in Finland, for example, the HVO-component (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil) is produced domestically from variable renewable raw materials and high ethanol content fuel E85 is produced from biowaste based domestic ethanol.

8. First Generation Biofuels

9. First Generation Biofuels
The main sustainability problem with the first generation biofuels is the fact that the raw material is in many cases edible, like sugar cane, corn or palm oil.
This presents significant sustainability problem because there is already in the world a shortage of food for an ever growing population.
As Mr. Jorma Ollila, the former Shell’s chairman of the board said, as long there is people suffering malnutrition it is unethical to use edible crops on fuel production.

10. Second Generation Biofuels
The raw materials of the second generation biofuels are plant or wood based cellulose and waste.
The second generation biofuels decrease the emissions more efficiently and have even higher quality than fossil diesel and gasoline.
The second generation traffic fuel production does not compete with food production because it does not utilise edible raw materials.

11. Second Generation Biofuels

12. Second Generation Biofuels
The sustainability problem may appear if the raw material biomass production competes with food production over ever scarcer fertile land.
It is not directly “taking the food off the hungry mouth” but it is still jeopardizing the optimal food production because the fertile land reserved for energy biomass production cuts into the actual food production area.
This presents a challenging ethical dilemma for farmers and governments: if the production value per hectare of energy biomass crop is higher than a food crop, what to do?

13. Third Generation Biofuels
The Algal fuel is the third generation of biofuels.  According to U.S. Department of Energy, algal oil can yield up to 30 times more energy per hectare than land crops like soybeans. 
Algae can be used to produce vegetable oil, bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels.

14. Third Generation Biofuels

15. Fourth Generation Biofuels
1. Solar to Fuel with High Yield Biomass Method 
Crops that are genetically engineered to take in high amounts of carbon are grown and harvested as biomass.
The crops are then converted into fuel using second generation techniques.
The fuel is pre-combusted and the carbon is captured.
Then the carbon is geosequestered, meaning that the carbon is stored in depleted oil or gas fields or in unmineable coal seams.  It will remain buried and locked up for hundreds to thousands of years.

16. Fourth Generation Biofuels

17. Fourth Generation Biofuels
2. Solar to Fuel with Cyanobacteria Method 
Cyanobacteria are placed in a flat panel filled with water. The panels are set up facing the sun similar to the way solar panels do.
The cyanobacteria would then take in solar energy and carbon dioxide and give off a product that could be processed into fuel.

18. Fourth Generation Biofuels

19. Thanks for your attention