1. Classification and Diversity of Life
Unit 8

2. HE.6.B.7—Interpret a Cladogram.

3. Page 4-Cladogram box:
A cladogram is a diagram used to show the relationships between organisms.
large number of structures shared = strong evidence they’re related

4. Page 4-Derived characteristics box
Cladograms are arranged by characteristics that the organisms have and share.
These characteristics are called derived characteristics.
Derived Characteristics

5. Fill in the characteristics:
Page 4-Fill in the chart, cladogram, and answer the question at the bottom.
To build a cladogram:
Fill in the characteristics:
Using the chart, place the organisms in the boxes; derived characteristics in the circles.
Humans
Snake
Mouse
Monkey
Hair X 
Thumbs  X
Eyes
Walk Upright
Total X’s  4  1  2  3
Snake
Mouse
Monkey
Human
Hair
Eyes
Thumbs
Walk upright

6. Page 5:
Answer #’s 1-3
Use the first chart to fill in the second chart.
Draw a cladogram at the bottom of the page using the chart you filled in.

7. CDL.7.B.1—Differentiate among the different domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

8. Domain:
The broadest and most inclusive level of taxonomy
3 Domains:

9. 3 Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Page 6-Fill in the first chart.
“True” or normal bacteria”
Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
Cell-wall contains peptidoglycan
Oldest life forms
Prokaryotic
(no nucleus)
Cell-wall does NOT contain peptidoglycan
Found in harsh environments
Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
Contains fungi, protists, plants, and animals
3 Domains

10. CDL.7.B.3—Identify the seven major taxonomic categories: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

11. Why do we need to classify?
Imagine a store…..how do you know where to find the milk or the cereal? How is the store “organized”? Are all stores similar?
Imagine your computer or mp3 player…..are all of your songs and files in a single folder or do you have them grouped in some way?

12. Scientists also need a way to *NAME* organisms
The “common names” used by people  can be misleading or confusing
To communicate effectively, biologists need a CONSISTENT naming protocol.
*Check out these slides of confusing names…..

13. Sea lion?
Antlion?
Lion?

14. Which one of these is NOT actually a bear?

15. Consider this……….. Are all “Grey Wolves” gray?
Are all “Black Bears” black?
Which is more venomous – a water moccasin or a cottonmouth?

16. Naming and Organizing are part of the same process:
Page 6-Scientific naming box
System developed by Carolus Linnaeus
used Greek and Latin names for organisms
All organisms placed into a few *large* groups – KINGDOMS
those groups are further divided into smaller groups

17. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Page 6
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

19. Page 6-the rest of the scientific naming box
More on Naming..
The system of naming = BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE – (means it is a 2-name system)
Genus + species
Must be underlined or italicized
Genus always capitalized, species lowercase
Can be abbreviated. (Ex. F. leo and F. tigris)

20. Humans The scientific name is always the genus + species
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primate
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
Species
sapiens
The scientific name is always the genus + species
Humans = Homo sapiens

21. What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?
Lion
Tiger
Pintail Duck
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Aves
Order
Carnivora
Anseriformes
Family
Felidae
Anatidae
Genus
Panthera
Anas
Species
Leo
Tigris
acouta
What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?

22. CDL.7.B.2—Differentiate the characteristics of the six kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

23. Currently 6 kingdoms – all organisms fit into one of those 6.
The Kingdoms:
Currently 6 kingdoms – all organisms fit into one of those 6.
Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria:
Number of cells
Type of cell
How it obtains energy

24. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Archaebacteria = “ancient bacteria”
exist in extreme environments (volcano/thermal vent/etc.)
No peptidoglycan in cell wall

25. Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Kingdom Eubacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Common bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella);
Peptidoglycan in cell wall

26. Eukaryotes (have nucleus) Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Kingdom Protista
Most Unicellular
Eukaryotes (have nucleus)
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Most live in water
Examples: amoeba, parmecium, etc.
(Catch-all kingdom)

27. Kingdom Fungae
Most Multicellular
Eukaryotes (have nucleus)
Heterotrophic (decomposers)

28. Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular
Eukaryotes (have nucleus)
Autotrophic (photosynthetic)

29. Eukaryotes (have nucleus) Heterotrophic (consume food)
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular
Eukaryotes (have nucleus)
Heterotrophic (consume food)
Examples: birds, insects, worms, mammals, reptiles, etc.

30. Practice: Which Kindom
Practice: Which Kindom? Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungae, Plantae, or Animalia
Monkey
Yeast
no peptidoglycan
True bacteria
Amoeba
Tree
Oldest life forms
With peptidoglycan
Mushroom
Bacteria in hot spring

31. Use your notes to complete the chart at the bottom of page 7
You may need to look up examples on the internet.

33. CDL.7.B.4—Classify and name organisms based on their similarities and differences applying taxonomic nomenclature using dichotomous keys.

34. Dichotomous Key:
Used to determine the identity of items in the natural world
Series of choices that leads to the correct name of a given item.
"Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts".
always give two choices in each step.

35. Dichotomous Key:
Use your notes to complete the dichotomous keys on pages 8 and 9 of your notes.

36. CDL.7.B.8—Compare and contrast life cycles of familiar organisms: Sexual reproduction, Asexual reproduction, Metamorphosis, Alternation of generations

37. Use your article to complete Sexual vs
Use your article to complete Sexual vs. Asexual reproduction on page 10 of your note packet.

38. Complete pages 10-11 of your note packet.

39. CDL.7.B.20—Identify the symmetry of organisms: Radial, Bilateral, Asymmetrical

40. Symmetry Radial Symmetry: Bilateral Symmetry: Asymmetry:
Body parts repeat around the center of the body.
Bilateral Symmetry:
Single imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.
Asymmetry:
Lack of symmetry.

41. Symmetry Radial Symmetry: Bilateral Symmetry: Asymmetry: Ex: Starfish
Ex: Human
Asymmetry:
Amoeba

42. Symmetry
Classify the organisms on page 13 of your note packet as one of the following:
Radial
Bilateral
Asymmetry

43. CDL.6.B.7—Compare and contrast the structures and characteristics of viruses (lytic and lysogenic cycles) with non- living and living things.

44. Characteristics of Viruses
Made of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
Protein coat = capsid
Cannot reproduce on own
Must enter living cells and use the cell to produce more viruses
Small
Need powerful electron microscope to see

45. Characteristics of Living Things
Have DNA
Can reproduce
Can grow and develop
Maintain homeostasis
(stable internal environment)
Use energy (metabolic processes)
Respond to environment
Made of cells

46. Lytic Cycle (Viruses)
Virus injects DNA into a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst.

47. Lysogenic Cycle (Viruses)
Virus injects it’s DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell’s DNA.
Does not lyse (kill) the cell right away
Remains inactive for a time
Virus DNA then activated and removes itself from host DNA
Enters the lytic cycle.