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Production Methods
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One-Off Usually produced to a specific client specification
Small level of demand Requires very high skill levels and high labour costs, resulting in high unit costs Generally low capital costs Worker satisfaction generally very high; often involved in every production stage from start to completion. LIST AT LEAST 3 PRODUCTS PRODUCED LIKE THIS:
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Batch Flexible system, a wide range of products can be produced
Can react to demand, stop or increase production run Workforce usually less skilled than one-off, will operate one or two processes Medium investment needed for a range of machinery that can be set up for different operations. Workers sometimes have opportunities to work on more than one process LIST AT LEAST 3 PRODUCTS PRODUCED LIKE THIS:
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High Volume Minimal, if any variation in product
Regular, high demand for product needed Usually very high capital investment, low unit cost Relatively low skilled workforce – repetitive task, mostly fully automatic production systems Control maintenance team required, stoppage costly Often low job satisfaction, workforce usually only involved in a small part of the production cycle LIST AT LEAST 3 PRODUCTS PRODUCED LIKE THIS:
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Modular/Cellular Production systems
Functional layout of module/cells Flexible system offering rapid change in production reacting to consumer demand High level of job satisfaction, operators work in flexible teams carrying out different tasks, opportunities for training. All workforce responsible for quality control LIST AT LEAST 3 PRODUCTS PRODUCED LIKE THIS:
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Just-In-Time Manufacture
The partnership between the manufacturer , suppliers and distributors is critical – if deliveries are late production stops Workforce relationships are also important – staff absenses or strike action can halt or delay production Workforce must be multiskilled, flexible, have job satisfaction and be consulted in decision making A spirit of co-operation is vital; proposals for improvement are welcomed by management. JIT is a very flexible manufacturing system and can react very quickly to changes in consumer demands The product is electronically tracked through the system to carefully monitor progress and ensure that the manufacturing schedule is efficient LIST AT LEAST 3 PRODUCTS PRODUCED LIKE THIS:
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Bought in parts No Need for production space of components
Speed up overall production Quality assured by the component manufacturer, specified tolerances Specialist companies provide components, cost benefits through economy of scale Choice of suppliers if there are service/quality difficulties, cost benefits through price negotiations and loyalty contracts Reduces storage costs, components available when required
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Standardised components
The key points relating to bought in components are relevant to standardised components Minimal interface and tolerance problems; standards usually generated by independent body e.g. BSI Ease of maintenance, replacement parts for consumers.
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Implications of industrial production
VW transparent factory
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