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Crew Resource Management
© Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Name Introduction Position History/Career Experience of CRM
A/C Type & Routes Interests & Activities © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Domestic Arrangements
Timings Food & Refreshments Toilets Smoking Policy Fire or Emergency – Exits & Assembly Point Mobile Phones Language Course pack © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Define CRM – What does the term mean to you? The origin of CRM
What does CRM stand for? Define CRM – What does the term mean to you? The origin of CRM © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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CRM Objective To enhance the communication and
management skills of the flight crew members by the effective utilisation of all available resources to achieve a safe and efficient operation TGL 44 © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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In the days of early technology, human error was the cause of many safety related incidents
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Human errors continued to repeat even with advanced technology
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Lessons Learnt Research carried out by:
NASA Leading Airline Corporations International Civil Aviation Authorities and Accident Investigation Units Universities Worldwide Human performance cited as the causal factor in 3 out of 4 accidents Study & Application of an error avoidance programme called CRM has now become mandatory for both civil and military aircraft operations © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Error Management Strategies
Understanding the nature and extent of error or risk Changing the conditions that induce the error Determining the behaviours that prevent or mitigate error Who is at risk? © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Requirements & Blocks to CRM Success
Requirements for CRM Success Support from Top & Middle Management CRM Instructors who have the core competencies of good CRM & role model CRM in their words & actions Dedicated Team Blocks to CRM Success Resistance to Change Fear of Failure CRM delivery methodology © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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S H E L © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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L Liveware Variations in Performance & limitations
Physical size & shape Physical needs (sustenance, sleep etc) Input/Output Characteristics Information processing Environmental tolerances (temp, pressure, humidity, enclosed space, stress & boredom) © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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H L Liveware – Hardware Ergonomics Displays Instrument interpretation
Scanning & detection Work space Controls with proper movement, coding and location © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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S L Liveware – Software Non-physical aspects of systems
Symbology and computer programmes Procedures (SOP’s, normal, abnormal or emergency drills) Rules and regulations i.e. company and authority Training manuals & document design i.e. content and layout © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Liveware – Environment
Disturbed biological rhythms - Sleep disturbance and deprivation / transmeridian travel Pressurised cabin Noise & vibration Weather conditions © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Liveware – Liveware Leadership, co-operation, teamwork, personality interactions Staff/management relationships, corporate culture & climate, company operating pressures L L © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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S H E L © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Causal Factors Breakdown of all fatal accidents by causal group (for primary causal factors only) for the ten-year period 1997 to (From UK CAA CAP776) © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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© Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Typical approach track
Southwest 1455 Typical approach track 18:03 “left to a heading of 190° and to descend to and maintain 6,000 ft” 18:04 “Southwest 1455 maintain 230 or greater until advised please” 18:05 “descend to 5000 ft, following company traffic at 12 miles” 18:08 “cross Van Nuys at or above three thousand, cleared visual approach runway eight” 8 miles 3,800 ft (msl) © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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2,275 ft 200 Kt 2,200 ft/min “whoop, whoop, pull up” 3 Miles 1000ft
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2,275 ft 200 Kt 2,200 ft/min “whoop, whoop, pull up” 3 Miles 1000ft
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“2000 gallons unleaded please..”
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© Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Crew Captain First Officer 11,000 Hours 9,870 on 737 for SouthWest
congenial, mild-mannered, and someone who got along well with everyone. First Officer 5,000 hours 2,500 hours 737 for SouthWest 12 years USAF F-15 above-average, good skills, good judgment © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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The Captain failed to “Go-around”
What went wrong The Captain failed to “Go-around” The First Officer failed to perform his duties regarding: calling deviations from approach normal criteria check lists © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Why? They were two hours behind schedule
pressure to avoid further delay caused by going around. Peer pressure – All other crews on the radio frequency would be aware of their ‘failing’ to make the approach. this was home base the aircraft ahead was also Southwest FO pressure not to challenge his superior Risk shift FO failed under stress to complete simple tasks Both failed under stress to respond to the continuous GPWS warnings © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Lessons The crew were They succumbed to Under stress Skilled
Experienced Current They succumbed to Peer Pressure Operational Pressures Under stress Inability to perform simple tasks Judgement was compromised © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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Primary Causes of Fatal Accidents
Inadequate Communication Deviation from SOP’s Maintenance Error Poor Response to, or no GPWS © Global Air Training Limited 2010
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