1. IKLIM DAN MANUSIA
Oleh :
Emilya Nurjani

2. ADAPTASI

3. adaptation
Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, public and private adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation

7. Iklim, Penyakit dan Kesehatan.

8. Climate Change: the “debate”
Skepticism is now receding. We know that:
Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are increasing
GHGs affect the climate system (thankfully!)
World average temperature has risen relatively fast over the past 30 years
Sea-level rise is gradually accelerating
Many temperature-sensitive systems/processes have changed over the past two decades

9. Kilimanjaro 1970

10. Ice on Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro 2000 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 20205 10 15
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
Year
Area ( km 2 )
Kilimanjaro 2000

11. Modulating influences
Health effects
Health Effects
Temperature-related
Temperature -
related
illness and death
illness and death
Extreme weather-
related (floods, storms, etc.) health effects
Extreme weather -
related health effects
Human
exposures
Air pollution-related
Air pollution -
related
Contamination
pathways
Transmission
dynamics -
rodent
Microbial changes:
Contamination paths
Transmission dynamics
Water and food-borne
diseases
Vector
borne and
borne diseases
health effects
health effects
Regional weather
Regional weather
Climate
Change
Water and food -
borne
changes
changes
diseases • •
Heat waves
Heat waves
Vector
borne and • •
Extreme weather
Extreme weather
rodent
borne diseases • •
Temperature
Temperature • •
Precipitation
Sea-level rise
Changes in agro-ecosystems, hydrology
Socioeconomic and demographic disruption
Effects of food and water shortages
Mental, nutritional,
infectious-disease and other effects

12. Infectious Disease Influenced by Environmental Change
The challenge of emerging and reemerging diseases cannot be addressed without considering the complex interactions between the environment, microbe, and host that influence the prevalence of disease.

13. Aedes agepti

14. VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE

15. Perubahan Iklim dan Malaria
Malaria is a global public health problem.
In Tanzania and Kenya increased # of epidemics recently
Geographical extent of plasmodium T limited & incidence depends on duration of warm season.
Climate change => vector abundance, longevity, rate of parasite development in mosquitoes.
Also => Human Activities, Immunity ……
Bouma r: Malaria vs SST anomalies in East. Eq.P
==> ENSO affects population disasters >>>> Global Preparedness.
Specifically tailored studies are required to elucidate these relationships

16. Dampak langsung: keluhan umum
Pusing
Bersin
Batuk
Mual
Kelelahan
Pandangan kabur
Muntah
Susah konsentrasi

17. Effects air pollution on Health
carbon monoxide (CO): reacts with hemoglobin in red blood cells & reduces ability of blood to carry oxygen;
particulates: long–term exposure contributes to lung disease & cancer, aggravates bronchitis & asthma;
sulfur dioxide (SO2): causes constriction of airways & can cause bronchitis;

18. Effects air pollution on Health
nitrogen oxides (especially NO2): irritate lungs, cause conditions similar to bronchitis & emphysema;
volatile organics (& toxic particulates): cause mutations, reproductive problems, & cancer;
ozone: causes coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, & eye, nose, & throat irritation.

19. Mengukur dampak polusi udara pada kematian
Studi epidemiologis
Dose-Response studies (retrospective dan time series harian)

20. Menghitung nilai ekonomi dari kehilangan nyawa karena polusi udara
Kompensasi gaji bagi pekerja yang beresiko tercemari
Willingness to pay: berapa besar kesediaan sesorang agar berkurang resiko kematian