1. Congress
Chapter 10 in a Nutshell!

2. The national legislature
Chapter 10 Section 1
The national legislature

4. A Bicameral Congress
There are three primary reasons why the United States created a bicameral legislature.
Historical Reasons
Practical Reasons
Theoretical Reasons

5. Bicameral Legislature: Historical Reasons
The British Parliament had consisted of two Houses since the 1300’s.
All but two of the states had bicameral legislatures by 1787.
Those states were Georgia and Pennsylvania
Georgia became bicameral in 1789
Pennsylvania became bicameral in 1790
Only one state has a unicameral legislature today:
Nebraska

6. Bicameral Legislature: Practical Reasons
The Connecticut Compromise had to settle the differences between the New Jersey and Virginia Plans.
It reflects the ideas of federalism.

7. Bicameral Legislature: Theoretical Reasons
It might diffuse the power of Congress and prevent it from becoming too powerful.
States must be represented as co-equal members.

8. Terms and Sessions Terms Sessions
A period of two years. Each term is numbered consecutively.
The first term started March 4, 1789 and ended March 4, 1791.
The 20th Amendment changed the start date in 1933 to noon of January 3rd of every odd numbered year.
Sessions
A period of time during a year in which Congress meets to conduct business.
There are two sessions each term, one each year.

9. Ending a Term or Session
There are two ways to end a term or session:
Adjourn or Prorogue.
To Adjourn
To end or suspend a session until the next session begins.
Neither house may adjourn sin die, without the other consenting.
To Prorogue
Article 2 Section 3 allows the President to end a session when the two chambers disagree on a date to Adjourn.
No President has used this power.

10. Special Sessions
The President may also call Congress into a Special Session:
A meeting to deal with an emergency situation.
Only 26 have been called.
The most recent was by Truman in 1948 to consider anti-inflationary policies after WWII.
The President may call one or both houses into a special session
The Senate has been called into 46 special sessions to consider Treaties or Appointments, but not since 1933
The House has never been called into a special session.

11. The House of Representatives
Chapter 10 Section 2
The House of Representatives

12. Some points to remember
The House has 435 members
They are apportioned (distributed) amongst the states by population, with each state guaranteed one representative.
They serve two year terms.
There are no term limits.
It has been proposed as recently as the 90s as an amendment.
Many amendments recommend limiting a person to 3-4 terms in the house and 2 in the senate.

13. Reapportionment
The Constitution calls for reapportionment (redistribution) of each seat after each Census.
Until the 1st census there were 65 seats.
After the first senate, the number of seats rose to 106.
The size of the House was permanently set to 435 under the reapportionment act of 1929.
See p. 268 for the 4 steps congress must take to change the number of seats apportioned to each state.

14. Congressional Elections
Since 1872, Congress has set the date of its elections to be on the “Tuesday following the first Monday in November of each even- numbered year.”
Alaska has the option to hold their elections in October, but to date, have not.
Under that same law, elections must be chosen by written or printed ballots.
Voting machines were approved in 1899.

15. Off-Year Elections
These are elections that happen in nonpresidential year.
Typically the party in power loses seats in off-year elections.
Is that true for the most recent elections?

16. Districts
There are 7 states that have only one representative. These states only have one district.
In the other 43 states, there are 428 Congressional districts.
Many states have single-member districts where the voters select one of the candidates from a field.
Some had at-large fields where the whole state voted for all of their representatives.

18. Formal Qualifications
To be in the house you must meet the following qualifications:
25 years of age
Citizen of the United States for at least 7 years.
Be an inhabitant of the state from which he/she is elected.

19. Informal Qualifications
Vote getting abilities.
Party identification.
Political experience
Ethnic/gender/religious qualities.

20. Chapter 10 Section 3
The Senate

21. Size
There are 100 Members
During the first session there were only 26 members.
Why?
The number increased each time a new state was added to the union.
The framers hoped that the senate would be smaller and more enlightened than the house.
Senators represent larger proportions of the population, and therefore represent a wider variety of interests

22. Elections
Originally, under the constitution, senators were chosen by state legislatures.
Changed in 1913 by the 17th Amendment.
They are selected during the November elections.
Each Senator is elected from the State at-large.

23. Terms Senators serve 6 year terms
Three times the length of a house term.
There are no term limits.
The current record is held by Strom Thurmond who was elected to 9 senate terms.
The Senate is known as a continuous body
Meaning only 1/3 of the senate is up for reelection at a time.
This gives the senators a sense of “job security”

24. Strom Thurmond served as a South Carolina Senator from 1954-2003.
Though he finally retired at age 100, by the time
of his retirement, he was
known to frequently doze off during Congressional sessions.

25. Qualifications To be eligible for election in the Senate, one must:
Be 30 years of age
Be a citizen of the U.S. for 9 years
Be an inhabitant of the state from which he/she is elected.
Like the house the senate may exclude a member by majority vote:
This has happened 15 times:
Once in 1794
Fourteen times during the civil war.

26. Chapter 10 Section 4
Members of Congress

27. The job Members of Congress play 5 major roles: Legislators
Representatives of their constituents
Committee Members
Servants of their constituents
Politicians

28. As Representatives of the People
As a representative of the people, members of congress typically play one of three roles:
Trustees
Delegates
Partisans
Politicos

29. Trustees
These are individuals that believe each question/issue must be decided on its own merits.
They use conscience and independent judgment as their guides.
They vote regardless of the way their constituents see issues or how outside influences may try to influence them.

30. Delegates
These people believe that they are the servants of those who elected them.
They think they should vote the way the folks back home want.

31. Partisans
These are individuals that owe their first allegiance to their political party first.
Many feel duty bound to tie their votes to their party leadership or their political platform.
Partisans are typically the most common role played by representatives.

32. Politicos
These individuals attempt to combine the elements of the of the delegate, trustee, and partisan.

33. In Committees
We will talk about the role of committees in more depth in chapter 12.
However, the largest role of a member of a committee is to utilize the oversight function.
This is the process by which congress checks to see if the various executive agencies are working effectively.

34. Compensation Congressional representatives earn $162,000 per year.
The speaker of the house makes $208,100
The President Pro Tem and the majority and minority floor leaders earn $180,100
There are other non-salary benefits:
Tax deductions for maintaining two residences
Travel allowances
Small costs for health insurance and/or medical care.
$150,000 pension.

35. More Compensation The Franking Privilege. Free printing
Low TV/radio production costs
Free parking around the capitol and airports.