1. Chapter 5 Bushra al-mohamedi 201100460 Mona al-sulaim 201102029
Madawi al-kadi
Norah al-gosaibi
Danah al-shuaib
Rawan AL-Othman

2. Chapter 5 Planning Drafting your report
Revising your organization and argument
Communication evidence visually
Introduction and conclusions
Revising style: telling your story clearly

3. Planning Introduction Methods and materials Results Discussion
conclusion

4. Avoid Three Common But Flawed Plans
Do not organize your report as a narrative of your thinking
Do not assemble your report as a patch work of your sources
Do not map your report directly on to language of your assignment

5. Planning Your Report
At the top the first page of your storyboard, sketch a brief summary of only the key points in only those source most relevant to your argument
After your summary of sources, rephrase your questions as a statement about a flaw or gap that see in them
Sketch an answer to so what if we don’t find out?
State the answer to your questions as your point, or promise an answer in a launching point

6. Plan The Body Of Your Report
Sketch background and define terms
Create a page for each major sections of your report
Find a suitable order
Part by part
Short to long, simple to complex
Less contestable
More important to less important
Earlier understanding to prepare for later understanding
General analysis followed by specific applications

7. Plan each section and subsection
Highlight the key term in each section and subsection
Indicate where to put evidence, acknowledgment, warrants, and summaries

8. Sketch a working conclusion

9. Draft in a way that feels comfortable
Draft in any way that works for your, by choosing either
Write continuously even if a part is missing put ( ? ) then complete later
Write only slowly and carefully
Use key words to keep yourself on track
keep your key ideas in front of you to review from time to time
Use the unique words as headings for sections.

10. Quote, paraphrase, and summarize appropriately
build your report out of your own words and thoughts
Summarize less important details.
Paraphrase when a source says more clearly or concisely
Integrating direct quotations into your text
The words themselves are evidence to yourreasons.
If the words are from an authentic author.
The words directly express your key concepts.
Use quotation marks
Mix the quotation’s grammar into your sentences.

11. Cite a source’s ideas which are different to yours.
Show readers how evidence is relevant
Introduce every evidence with a sentence to explain it.
Don’t make readers think you are plagiarizing.
Guard against inadvertent plagiarism
Mark every quotation
Don’t paraphrase too closely
Cite a source’s ideas which are different to yours.
Don’t Plead Ignorance, Misunderstanding

12. The social importance of citing sources
Citations protect you from a charge of plagiarism
Citations Help Your Readers
Citations Honor Your Sources
Four common citation styles
MLA style:
Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed.(New York: Modern Language Association, 2003).
APA style:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (Washington,DC: American Psychological Association, 2001).
Work through procrastination and writer’s block
Start from the ideas which you are not sure about.

13. Revising Your Organization and Argument
plan
The report is clear for the reader
Not just the writer.
The reader is understating and thinking

14. The plan 1.Think like a reader 2.Revise the frame
3.Revise your argument
4.Revise
The organization
5.Cheack your
paragraphs
6.parahrase

15. Understand How Readers Read Read like a reader
Think like a reader
Understand How Readers Read
Read like a reader
( overall organization, parts,
Clarity of sentence, and spelling )

16. 2.Revise the frame of your report
Where the introduction stops and where the conclusion begins.
Space
Heading
Where the sentence that states the main point
State the main point in the introduction, then restate it in the conclusion but with more specification

17. 3- Revise Your Argument
Evidence + Explanation = 1/3 of a section.
Evidence are clear and connected to your claim

18. Revising The Organization of The Report
Key Terms
Clear Beginnings
Relation Between Sections
Type of Relation Between Sections
The Placement of Each Section
Terms For Each Section
Revising The Organization of The Report

19. 5. Check Your Paragraphs Paragraphs Are Related To The Point
Length of Each Paragraph
The Order of Organizing The Paragraphs

20. Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It.

21. Communicating evidence visually

22. Main point choosing visual or verbal representation
choosing the most effective graphic
designing tables, charts and graphs
specific guidelines for table, charts and graphs
communicating data ethically

23. choose visual or verbal representation:
Simple information:
Sentence: in 1996, on average, men earned 32,144$ a year, women 23,144$ a year, a differences of 8,434$
man
32,144
women
23,710
differences
8,434

24. If you present more than a few numbers: Complex information :
EU internet use by age in 2005

25. Choosing the most effective graphic:
Table:
seem precise and objective. It emphasize discrete numbers and require readers to infer relationship.
Charts and line graphs:
present a visual image that communicate values less precisely than do the exact numbers of a table but with more impact.

26. Point to consider: Point to consider:
When we choose the form we suppose to look for the one which achieve the effect you want not the one that comes to mind first.
So there's many choices you should consider depends on your experience. But if you are new to quantitative research, limit your choices to basic tables, bar charts and line graphs.

27. Designing tables, chart, and graphs with specific guidelines:
a) table :
Insert information that best help the reader.
Order of the rows and columns.
b) Bar chart:
visual impact
relevant data
c)Line graph:
Keep it simple
Don’t Shade the background.

28. How your graphic suppose it to be ?
Communicating data ethically:
How your graphic suppose it to be ?

29. Introductions and conclusions
INTRODUCTIONS:
a) The common structure of introductions:
the common structure consists of three steps:
1- establish common ground:
Establish shared understanding --- disrupt it with a problem

30. EXAMPLE 1 :
We have investigated environmental threats, our understanding of chemical processes in acid rain and the buildup of carbon dioxide has improved, allowing us to understand better their effects on the biosphere. But recently the processes that thin the ozone layer have been found to be less well understood than once thought. We may have labeled hydro fluorocarbons as the chief cause incorrectly.

31. 2- state your problem:
You can state your problem in two ways:
1- directly:
But recently the processes that thin the ozone layer have been found to be less well understood than once thought.
2- indirect quistion
The real question is ………

32. statement of research problem has two parts:
1)Condition of incomplete understanding or knowledge. (directly-questions)
2)Consequences of that condition (more significant gap in understanding)

33. State your response:
you can state your main point in two ways:
1)state the gist of your solution: the main point can be stated clearly at the end of your introduction.
Eg: we have found that ………
2)Promise a solution: you can delay your main point to the conclusion by including a promise to have one to come.
Eg: In this report we describe a hitherto unexpected chemical bonding between ……

34. b) Setting the right pace for your introduction
Decide how quickly to raise your problem, depending on how much your reader know.

35. In summary: A full introduction consists of three elements
context + problem + response
If the problem is well known, exclude the common ground.
If the consequences of the problem are well known, exclude them.

36. Start with your main point : repeat it but not word-for-word.
CONCLUSIONS:
you can write your conclusion using the same elements in your introduction, IN REVERSE ORDER.
Start with your main point : repeat it but not word-for-word.
Add a new significance or application: just as an additional possible implication of your solution.
Call for more research: what more do you suggest the reader to search and look for?

37. Finding words of conclusion:
Open with a striking fact relevant to your problem.
Quotation
Anecdote.
Finding your last few words

38. Revising style: Telling Your Story Clearly
Readers will accept your claim only if they understand your argument, but they won’t understand your argument if they can’t understand your sentences.

39. Judging Style.
The First Two Principles of clear Writing.
A Third Principle: Old before New.
Choosing between Active and Passive
A Final Principle: Complexity Last
Spit and Polish.

40. Thank you for listening