1. The Great Awakening & The Pueblo Revolt of 1680
The event of each, causes and
historical interpretations
Mr. Aiken: APUSH Jacksonville, FL

2. The Great Awakening In Colonial America
Describe the impact of The Great Awakening on colonial American religious and political institutions.

3. Bell Ringer
The Protestant work ethic (or Puritan work ethic) is a concept in theology, sociology, economics and history which emphasizes that hard work, discipline and frugality are a result of a person's subscription to the values espoused by the Protestant faith, particularly Calvinism, in contrast to the focus upon religious
How does this quote by George Whitefield fit into the characterization of the puritan work ethic that defined the New England colonies?
“Press forward. Do not stop, do not linger in your journey, but strive for the mark set before you.” ~George Whitefield

4. Introduction Colonial America was in transition.
The communities had been established and were thriving.
Immigration from Europe was increasing day by day
Colonial America was developing it’s own leadership, in the wealthy, land owning men.
This leadership was highly educated, well read and influenced by the Enlightened mind set.
Colonial people were beginning to develop a sense of identity.
Politically speaking:
The Enlightened way of thinking caused the leadership to challenge the authority of England.
The colonies want their own identity and the right to determine their own future.
Religiously speaking:
The First Great Awakening occurred in the 1730’s and 1740’s encouraging a new way of thinking.
The religious authority was being challenged.

5. The Great Awakening
During eighteen centuries, colonial America saw major changes as the American cities developed into major seaports
Also, the Southern plantations were bringing large amounts of money into the American economy.
Obviously, the population increased as immigrants arrived in large numbers.
It was during this time of economic growth that America experienced a cultural philosophical shift in the way they understood authority
This can be understood in the popularity of the Enlightenment way of thinking and the religious Great Awakening.
The Great Awakening was a period of great revivalism that spread throughout the colonies in the 1700’s. It deemphasized the importance of church doctrine and put a greater importance on the individual spiritual experience.

6. What was the Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies, particularly New England in the 1700’s.
It was a period of time that was characterized by great fervor and emotion in prayer which was a response to the general sense of complacency among believers.
This new spiritual renewal began with people like the Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield (who came from England) during the early 1700’s.
Unlike the strict Puritan spirituality, the revivalism ushered in by the Awakening allowed people to express their emotions more overtly in order to feel a greater intimacy with God.

7. What Caused the Great Awakening?
In late 1600’s fighting between religious and political groups in England stopped with the Glorious Revolution, an event which established the Church of England as the main church.
From a political perspective, this led to stability since everyone now practiced the same religion. But instead of being a positive driving force for religious belief in general, it created complacency among believers.
It after a few decades of this kind of complacency in the American colonies that the spiritual “revival” of the Great Awakening came about.
The Great Awakening came about at a time when people in the American colonies were questioning the role of the individual in religion and society. It began at the same time as the Enlightenment which emphasized logic and reason and stressed the power of the individual to understand the universe based on scientific laws. Similarly, individuals grew to rely more on a personal approach to religion.

8. What were the effects of the Great Awakening?
The Great Awakening’s biggest significance was the way it prepared the America people for its fight for Independence.
This form of revivalism taught people that they could be confident when confronting religious authority, and that when churches weren’t living up to the believers’ expectations, the people could break off and form new denominations or new churches.
Through the Awakening, the Colonists realized that religious power resided in their own hands, rather than in the hands of the religious authority.
The Colonists also came to realize that political power did not reside in the hands of the English monarch, but in their own will for self-governance.
Thus, the Great Awakening brought about a climate which made the American Revolution possible.
The Great Awakening also provided an alternative to the Enlightened philosophy of rationalism.

9. The Government as Governing Body of the People
Another effect of the Great Awakening on colonial culture was this idea of state rule that would govern and set the laws for the people.
Believers had this understanding of what a covenant (agreement) meant.
Each believer understood that they owed their allegiance to their church, and their church in turn had to be faithful to the members.
Believers reserved the right to dissolve the covenant and to sever ties with the church without prior permission.
This idea of “covenant” was popular in the Puritan society and later formed the ideological basis for breaking from Great Britain.
As stated in the Declaration of Independence, the colonists were very familiar with this odea of separating themselves from authoritarian institutions.

10. What is the Significance of the Great Awakening?
It pushed individual religious experience over established church doctrine, thereby decreasing the importance of the church.
It unified the American colonies as it spread through numerous preachers and revivals. This unification was greater than had ever been achieved previously in the colonies.

11. Significant Revivalist Preachers
Jonathan Edwards
Jonathan Edwards was a key American revivalist during the Great Awakening who preached for close to ten years in New England. He emphasized a personal approach to religion. He also bucked the puritan tradition and called for unity amongst all Christians as opposed to intolerance. His most famous sermon was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," delivered in In this sermon he explained that salvation was a direct result from God and could not be attained by human works as the Puritans preached.
George Whitefield
A second important figure during the Great Awakening was George Whitefield. Unlike Edwards, Whitefield was a British minister who moved to colonial America. He was known as the "Great Itinerant" because he traveled and preached all around North American and Europe between 1740 and His revivals led to many conversions and the Great Awakening spread from North America to the European continent.

12. Essential Question:
Describe the impact of The Great Awakening on colonial American religious and political institutions.

13. Causes & historical interpretation
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680
Causes & historical interpretation

14. The Event
Largest and most successful revolt against European control in North America
Well planned surprise attack
Estimates suggest 400 Spaniards killed— out of 3,000 resident non-Indians
Pueblos and others killed 21 of 33 Franciscan priests-some were humiliated, tortured and beaten before death
Led to the desecration of churches, ravaged missions, buildings and documents

15. The Event
Targets were the symbols of Spanish authority, religious and secular
Organized messengers carried secret calendars of knotted cords as countdown devices: untie a knot each day until completed
On the pre-arranged day, grab hidden weapons and “burn temples and break-up the bells”
18 days of battle, on August 28 1,000 Spaniards retreat to El Paso del Norte
Called “The Great Southwestern Revolt” by historian Jack Forbes
Led by Pope (Po pay) and Domingo Naranjo

16. The Event 1692 recapture of New Mexico
Don Diego de Vargas retook New Mexico
The momentum and anger toward the Spaniards had apparently abated.

17. The Causes, Historians and Pueblo Tradition
Historians tended to rely on Spanish sources only,
Presents two serious liabilities: Spaniards could not easily understand nuances of societies radically different from their own, and few Spanish sources survived the event
Spanish survivors interpreted the revolt as a rejection of Christianity, or work of the devil
Some attributed it to an “inborn hatred of the Spanish”
Some attributed the revolt to a love for their ancient way of life, reactions to bad treatment

18. The Causes: Van Hastings Garner
Cites long-term harmonious relationship between Indians and Spaniards
Survival of many Indian religious practices, often embedded in Catholic tradition
Denies overworking of Indians
Denies long-term causes, spaniards and Pueblos relationship based on “mutual needs”
Causes were immediate factors: drought, famine, Apache raids of the 1670s— major underlying causes.

19. The Causes: Bowden and Gutierrez
1670s drought, famine, disease and Apache raids
Some Indians blamed the Spanish Gods
Turn to their own religion to lift the drought
Rebellion could be viewed as the only salvation: to maintain their communities and ways of life
Quest for liberation from Spanish religion
Quest to rescue their own religion
Resulted from long resentment toward the Spaniards and their religion
Pope (Po pay) was among 47 men that had been publicly flogged
1675, hanging of 4 Indians at Santa Fe plaza on accusations of witchcraft.

20. The Causes: Foote and Schackel
Sexual exploitation of Indian women by Spanish soldiers
Resentment by Indian men