1. Motivation

2. Motivation Motivation Instinct
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

3. Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)

4. Motivation Homeostasis Incentive
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

5. Yerkes-Dodson Law:
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization needs
Need to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Esteem needs
Need for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,
and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needs
Need to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid
loneliness and alienation
Safety needs
Need to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Physiological needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

7. Motivation-Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

8. Motivation-Hunger Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
provides the major source of energy for body tissues
when its level is low, we feel hunger

9. Motivation-Hunger Set Point Basal Metabolic Rate
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate
body’s base rate of energy expenditure

10. Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

11. Motivation-Hunger

12. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female
Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

13. Sexual Motivation Sex Sexual Response Cycle
a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values
Sexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

14. Sexual Motivation Refractory Period Estrogen
resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Estrogen
a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males
Testosterone: Sex hormone that stimulates growth in male sex organs

15. Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation

16. Sexual Motivation
Same drives, different attitudes

17. Sexual Motivation
Births to unwed parents

18. Sexual Motivation Sexual Orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

19. Sexual Motivation

20. Sexual Motivation

21. Affiliation Needs Social Bonds boosted ancestors’ need to survive
Attachment helps keep children close to caregivers
Cooperation enhanced survival

22. Affiliation Needs Autonomy- a sense of self control
Competence- sense of well being
Insecure anxious attachment- craving acceptance form others
Insecure avoidant attachment- discomfort over getting close to others. Avoid others and maintain distance

23. Being Shut Out Ostracism: social exclusion
Social pain is similar or the same as physical pain
Hierarchy of Needs

24. Social Media New norm for forming relationships
Communicating electronically rather than face to face, we are less focused on other’s reaction
Less stimulated involving others emotion
Promotes narcissism

25. Motivation at Work Flow Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

26. Motivation at Work

27. Motivation at Work Achievement Motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment
for mastery of things, people, or ideas
for attaining a high standard

28. Motivation at Work
360-degree feedback

29. Motivation at Work
On the right path

30. Motivation Task Leadership Social Leadership
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership
group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

31. Motivation Theory X Theory Y
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
workers should be directed from above
Theory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity