1. Memristor Theory, Technology, and applications
Photo by R. Stanley Williams
Abstract: The trinity of fundamental components: the resistor, the capacitor, and the inductor. Is there a FOURTH element to be added? The memory resistor, or memristor grabs engineers attention.

2. Introduction/Outline
The history and theory of memristors.
The rediscovery
What is a memristor? How does it work?
Two different ways they are made.
Current research being done.
Conclusion and future applications

3. The prediction and Theory (1971)
The memristor was first theorized in 1971 by a man named Leon O Chua at the University of California, Berkeley.
He proposed a mathematical relationship between charge and flux and set that to represent a memristor.

4. R. Stanley Williams
In 2008, HP senior Stanley Williams and his team discovered that there molecular device they were researching was acting fairly like Chua’s description of the memristor.
Noticed a similar relationship between magnetic flux and charge that a resistor gives between voltage and current.

5. The Memory resistor A two-terminal element
Just like its name, the memristor carries memory of its past.
When the voltage is turned off, the memristor remembers how much voltage was applied before it was turned off and the duration.
This effect cannot be duplicated by any circuit combination of the three fundamental components.
Making the memristor the fourth fundamental circuit element.
It can provide dynamical-negative resistance.

6. Applying a sine wave and I-V curve characteristics.

7. Some facts about memristors
Achievable through different physical mechanisms
Phase change, electrostatic, redox
Many applications enabled by orthogonal properties
Optimizers, high endurance + incremental
Learners, incremental + low decay
Memory, fast switching + low decay
Oscillators, high endurance

8. How current memristors are made
In 2008, Stanley Williams found an ideal memristror in titanium dioxide
Like silicon titanium dioxide is a semiconductor.
At its pure state titanium oxide is highly resistive.
It can then be doped with other elements to make it very conductive.
Knowm’s memristor devices use Tin (Sn) or Chromium (Cr) or Tungsten (W) in the chalcogenide layer.
Can be fabricated at <500 degrees C using industry-standard unit-process steps.

9. Knowm’s Memristor
2016, Knowm’s Inc announced 3 new variations of memristors targeting different neuromorphic applications. While still in early design the analog applications have existing current leakage causing stored values to degrade overtime.

10. Knowm’s Memristor (cont.)
The first to develop and make it commercially available for research purposes.
3 types, they all have same basic material structure but differ in the dopant layer.
GeSeW (the ‘W’ device)
GeSeSn (the ‘Sn’ device)
GeSeCr (the ’Cr’ device)

11. conclusion, And future applications
There is current research being done on the memory resistors in order to perfect the memristor so that it can be applied to future electronics.
You can now purchase and do personal research on ways you can applicate memristors.
FUTUTRE APPLICATIONS
Denser nonvolatile memories, oscillators
New universal logic gates
Brain like computers
Post-Moores’s-Law IC’s
Analog Design, and computing
Artificial Intellagence

12. References
Korczynski, Ed, Dr. "Memristor." Semiconductor Manufacturing & Design Community. N.p., 22 Jan Web. 13 Apr
Revolvy, LLC. ""Memristor" on Revolvy.com." All Revolvy Quizzes. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr <
Adee, Sally. "The Mysterious Memristor." IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. IEEE Spectrum, 01 May Web. 18 Apr
"Memristors." Knowm.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr <
"The Story of My Memristor – Kris Campbell." Knowm.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr <

13. 5 Key topics
1.What is a Memristor? How does it work? 2. Memristors have a relationship through magnetic charge and flux. 3. Orthogonal properties and applications. 4. The doping elements of current Memristors. 5. I-V characteristics when a sine wave is applied.