1. Religious Wars
Spain and England

2. Philip II
Son of Charles V of Holy Roman Empire, nephew of Ferdinand I (Austrian Empire)
Created the debtor state of Spain by bankrupting Spain because of dependence on New World gold and loans from various countries.

3. Philip II Spain’s strength’s: Peasants who are carrying the tax load
New world gold
Strong bureaucracy

4. Philip II Spain vs. Islam:
Battles Islam with the help of half brother (illegitimate) Don Juan at the Battle of Lepanto

5. Philip II The Netherlands:
Leaves the Netherlands to his sister Margaret of Parma to rule. Assisted by the Cardinal of Granvelle. His goal is to stop Protestants from taking over the Netherlands. Doing so by reforming the Catholic church. Wants to have the Netherlands run by Madrid.

6. Philip II
Netherlands: collection of provinces, some Calvinists and some Catholic. Calvinist are led by William of Orange and the Count of Egmont.
Cardinal continues to pursue Protestant persecutions. Protestants ban together and force Granvelle out of power.

7. Philip II
1564: Philip tries to use Council of Trent and make a compromise. No go.
1566: Full scale rebellion in the Netherlands. Failure.
Philip send in the Duke of Alba: Reign of Terror in the Netherlands
Pacification of Ghent: Provinces ally (17 total) against Spain.
Internal sovereignty in matters of religion
Permitted political cooperation among the provinces

8. Philip II Southern provinces sell out to Spain
Union of Utrecht: North maintains separatism
July 22, 1581: Union of Utrecht declares Philip is not their leader (use French prince Francis but that is a failure)
1580’s: Philip continues to try to retake territory. (William assassinated)
Sea Beggars
1609: Twelve Year Truce

9. England Edward VI: dies 1553 without issue.
Succeeded by Lady Jane Grey (briefly)

10. England Mary I Queen 1554: Wife of Philip II of Spain.
Good Points
1. extended royal authority in the local areas and managed Parliament
2. rebuilt the navy
3. reorganized the militia and laid the foundations for reform of the coinage and the restructuring of the economy
4. reorganized trade with foreign markets
5. increased the crown’s revenues from customs
6. Social reform for people
7. involved in government business and policymaking
England
Mary I
Queen 1554: Wife of Philip II of Spain.
Staunch Catholic
“Bloody Mary”: Protestant persecutions

11. England Elizabeth Converts England back to Protestantism
Act of Supremacy
Thirty-Nine Articles
Anti-Elizabeth Groups: Jesuits, Congregationalists

12. England vs. Spain 1570: Elizabeth excommunicated by Pope V for heresy
After the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: Elizabeth becomes the champion for all European Protestants
Elizabeth vs. Spain: Why? The final straw comes from the execution of Mary Queen of Scots Feb. 18, (Catholic queen of Scotland that is a threat to the throne of England) Mary is implicated in several attempts to overthrow Elizabeth’s rule, most notably the Ridolfo, Throgmorton and Babington Plots, all of which have ties to Spain, the Jesuits, or Catholic groups in general.

13. English Defeat of the Spanish Armada

14. Thirty Years War Preconditions of War:
Germany’s Fragmentation: States
Peace of Augsburg
Trade Routes
Power of Emperor

15. Thirty Years War Relgious Division of the Empire
Equally divided Catholic and Protestant (Lutherans and Calvinists)
Calivinism
Legal or not?
Gained strength under Fredrick II
Lutheran’s fear of Calvinist power

16. Catholic Jesuits: Maximilian I (Duke of Bavaria) and the creation of the Catholic League (vs. Protestant Alliance of Fredrick IV)
WAR!!

17. Thirty Years War 4 Stage War: A. Bohemian Period: 1618-1625
Ferdinand (leader of Styria and heir of Hapsburg empire becomes leader of Bohemia) Catholic leader who wants all Hapsburg lands Catholic.
1619: Becomes HRE and Ferdinand II (Bohemia chooses another leader, Protestant leader: Ferdinand V)
Starts war. Spain send troops to Ferdinand II and Lutheran leader John George I assists Ferdinand as well. Maximilian leads forces. France helps Bohemia. Battles of White Mountains, Ferdinand’s troops win. Bohemia Catholic.

18. Thirty Years War B. Danish Period: 1625-1629
Danish King Christian IV (also holds territory in Holstein) wants to push more into HRE. Protestant. Attacks and is defeated by Maximilian.
Ferdinand II brings in Albrecht Of Wallenstein (Protestant Merc) to lead his forces (distrusts Max.) Attacks Denmark.
Edict of Restitution: tries to take all land from Lutherans, make Calvinism illegal and reasserts the Peace of Augsburg. Much of this failed.

19. Thirty Years War C. Swedish Period 1630-1635
Gustavus Adolphus II- Lutheran King (Controlled by the Cardinal Richelieu who wants all Hapsburgs to stay in Germany)
Allies himself with the Brandenbug and Saxony states and wins a major battle at Breitenfeld (military coup: offensive and defensive strategist) 1630
1632: dies in battle against the forces of Wallenstein
1634: Ferdinand II has Wallenstein assassinated (Wallenstein is too powerful and recruiting himself out to the highest bidder)
1635: Peace of Prague: Compromise reached between the Protestants and Ferdinand. Does not last/

20. Thirty Years War D. Swedish-French Period: 1635-1648:
Spills from the Period C where the Swedish and French would not sign the Peace of Prague.
1635: France sends troops. War continues 13 bloody more years on German soil.

21. Thirty Years War Treaty of Westphalia Written in French
Rescinded the Edict of Restitution
Resasserted the Peace of Augsburg
Calvinism is a legal Religion
Swiss Confederation and Dutch Netherland gain their independence
Bavaria: Elector State
Brandenburg-Prussia emerges as the most powerful of the N. German states

22. Thirty Years War Issues not settled by Treaty
France and Germany continue to meddle in German affairs
Pope aggravated about the treaty but has no power to fix it
France and Spain continue to war until Spain loses
Two German states begin to rise to power that will run the HRE: Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia