1. Why do they Hate US? Westernization Support of Israel
Imperialism
US overthrew Iranian elected prime minister in 1952 and replaced him w/ a king
Cultural Imperialism
economic imperialism
OIL
Iraqi sanctions/embargo ( )
over 1 million dead
half of them under 5 yrs
Support of Israel
$3 billion a year
uses $ to fight Palestinians
Support Saudi Arabia
continued military bases
Good vs. Evil

2. Why use terrorism? Guerilla Warfare
Desire to wound a more powerful foe.
You may be more powerful, but you can still bleed
The higher the target’s profile, the better.
American Embassies in Africa (Aug. 1988)
World Trade Center (1993 & 2001)
Military targets
Beirut, Lebanon (1983)
241 Marines killed
Pentagon
US naval ships (USS COLE in Oct. 2000)
About sending a message!!

3. JIHAD – Holy War??!
Terrorism: Uses violence to achieve a political or religious end
Terrorist: Someone who performs acts of terrorism.
State Sponsored v. groups/individuals
Jihad: “Striving or Struggling in the Way of God” (Muslims should try to strive to know and do the will of God)
Greater Jihad: Struggle with yourself to do what is right.
Lesser Jihad: Outward defense of Islam.

4. TERRORIST OR FREEDOM FIGHTER??

6. History of Islamic Fundamentalism
Muslim movement against westernization and secularism that supports a return to the values of the Quran
1928: Muslim Brotherhood
Egypt
Hassan al-Banna
1952-’79: Iran
1979-’89: Afghanistan
’88: AL-QAEDA founded
1991: Iraq invades Kuwait
US forces sent to Saudi Arabia
Support of Israel

7. Anti-Israel Islamic Fundamentalist Groups
Goal: the destruction o/t state of Israel
Reside in West Bank & Gaza
Build schools, clinics, roads, etc
Political parties
HAMAS: Islamic Resistance Movement
Leading political party in Palestinian Authority
Islamic Jihad:
Sunni
Hizbullah: Party of God
Southern Lebanon
Shiite Muslims

8. CAUSES OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION (1979)
’53: US-CIA w/UK overthrew democratically elected Mu. Mossedegh
Shah was SECULAR
Against Westernization
Social programs failed
Opposed to Iran/US alliance
Corrupt gov’t
SAVAK: Iran’s secret police oppressed opposition

9. EFFECTS OF IRANIAN REVOLTION
led by Ayatollah Khomeini
Theocracy created
Shariah law implemented
Muslim traditions enforced
Nationalized all foreign owned businesses & OIL
Iran-Iraq War ’80-’88
Shah of Iran fled to US
American Embassy seized
52 Americans taken hostage
crisis lasted 444 days

10. SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN (1979-89)
Communist gov’t comes to power in Afghanistan
Cold War tensions arise
Soviet’s support new gov’t
thus invade
US supports Afghan rebels
supplied STINGER missiles
trained Afghan rebels in Pakistan
mujahedeen: holy warriors
Osama bin-Laden
becomes Al-Qaeda
Civil war begins btwn opposing Afghan groups
Taliban are the victors

11. IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-88) CAUSES 1980: Iraq invaded Iran
seized the Shatt al-Arab waterway
key access to the Persian Gulf
attempt to end Iranian support of Shiite Muslims that live in southern Iraq
EFFECTS
Over a million killed
mined t/ Persian Gulf
Tanker Wars
economic collapse
no winner

14. PERSIAN GULF WAR (1991) CAUSES Iraq in debt due to Iran-Iraq War
Persian Gulf sits atop the world’s largest known oil reserve.
EFFECTS
US/UN led COALITION
DESERT STORM
trade embargo against Iraq
in place until US invasion ‘03
bombing campaign
@ 100,000 Iraqi soldiers killed
Iraq sends SCUD missiles against Israel
Iraq easily defeated
retreating soldiers set fires to Kuwaiti oil wells
Continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia
CAUSES
Iraq in debt due to Iran-Iraq War
2 Aug 90: Iraq invaded Kuwait
claims Kuwait as province of Iraq
access to oil fields
greater ACCESS t/t Persian Gulf

15. Iraq’s No Fly Zones

16. “Those that are willing to give up their liberties for temporary
security, deserve neither.” Benjamin Franklin

17. Islamic Fundamentalism: What should we do about it??
Remove all American military forces from the Arabian Peninsula.
Remain in Iraq to develop democracy as a model for other Muslim countries.
Pressure Muslim countries to close religious schools that preach hatred.
Provide foreign aid to Muslim countries in order to reduce unemployment and poverty.
Give foreign aid to countries that curb Islamists.
Work to achieve security and justice for Israel and Palestine.
Capture, try, and (if convicted) execute Osama bin-Laden.
Lessen our dependence on MidEast oil.
How to deal w/ the Causes?? Effects??