1. Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds
Chapter 21
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2. Nonmetallic Elements
21.1

3. Laboratory Preparation of H2 Gas
Hydrogen Production
C3H8 (g) + 3H2O (g) CO (g) + 7H2 (g)
C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g)
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Laboratory Preparation of H2 Gas
21.2

4. Binary Hydrides of the Representative Elements
21.2

5. 1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium, T)
Isotopes of Hydrogen
1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium, T) 1
Kinetic isotope effect
CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
CH3COOD (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + D+ (aq)
Ka = 6 x 10-6
21.2

6. Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels
The Hydrogen Economy
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)
Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels
Fuel
Fuel Value (kJ/g)
Wood (pine) 18
Coal 31
Crude oil 45
Gasoline 48
Natural gas 49
Hydrogen
142
21.2

7. Phase Diagram of Carbon
C (diamond) C (graphite) DG0 = kJ
21.3

8. Synthetic Gas from Coal
C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g)
C (s) + 2H2 (g) CH4 (g)
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (l)
21.3

9. 21.4

10. nP4 (white phosphorus) (P4)n (red phosphorus)
2Ca3(PO4)2 (s) + 10C (s) + 6SiO2 (s) CaSiO3 (s) + 10CO (g) + P4 (s)
P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) P4O10 (s)
nP4 (white phosphorus) (P4)n (red phosphorus)
3000C
21.4

11. 21.4

12. Common Phosphorus-Containing Oxoacids
21.4

13. O2- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq)• 2-
oxide O • 2-
peroxide O • -
superoxide
O2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq)
O2- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) 2
4O- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) 2
basic oxides
amphoteric
acidic oxides
basicity
21.5

14. Ozone 3O2 (g) 2O3 (g) DG0 = 326.8 kJ (powerful oxidizing agent)
Electrical Discharge Production of Ozone
21.5

15. Frasch Process
21.5

16. 21.5

17. 21.6

18. Electrolytic Production of Fluorine
2F F2 (g) + 2e-
2H+ + 2e H2 (g)
2HF H2 (g) + F2 (g)
21.6

19. Chlorine Production by the Chlor-Alkali Process
2Cl- (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e-
2Na+ (aq) + 2e Na/Hg
Hg (l)
2NaCl (aq) Na/Hg (g) + Cl2 (g)
21.6

20. 21.6