1. Introduction to
Psychology

2. Psychology
1. the science of the mind or of mental states and processes.
2. the science of human and animal behavior.
3. the sum or characteristics of the mental states and processes of a person or class of persons

3. What is Psychology? 1. The study of mental processes and behavior
2. How physical state, mental state and physical environment affect and organism
3. Uses information derived from observation, experimentation or measurement

4. Goals of Psychology 1. describe behavior
2. predict (diagnose) behavior
3. understand behavior
4. modify behavior

5. Birth of Modern Psychology
Hippocrates - observed patients with brain injuries
Realized that the brain is the ultimate source of “pleasures, joys, laughters, and jests… sorrows, pains, griefs and tears”

6. Wilhelm Wundt 1. Credited for beginning to make psychology a science
2. Established the first psychology lab in Germany
3. Used “trained introspection” to gather data from volunteers

7. Structuralism Using introspection to study consciousness
Consciousness = conscious elements
Wundt wanted to catalogue these elements
Would give subjects different stimuli
Subjects then explain the experience in a very basic way

8. Structuralism Structuralism died out with Wundt
No reliability between subjects
Used trained subjects - no objectivity

9. Functionalism Led by William James
Emphasized the function of behavior and consequences
Studied how behaviors help us to adapt to our environment
Thought introspection was imprecise and ineffective
Inspired by Darwin

10. Psychoanalysis Method of treating people with emotional problems
Developed by Sigmund Freud
Thought his patients depression, nervousness and obsessive habits were due to emotional issues from childhood
These ideas developed into his own theory of personality

11. Gestalt Led by M. Wertheimer, K. Koffka. W. Kohler
Early studies were based on illusions
Humans rely heavily on ideas we already have formed in our heads
We see what we think we are/should be seeing

17. Present Psychological Perspectives
Biological
Learning
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Psychodynamic
Humanist
Positive

18. Biological

19. Learning

20. Cognitive

21. Sociocultural

22. Psychodynamic

23. Humanist

24. Positive

25. Case Study - Janice
Janice is trying to save money to help pay off her debts and one day buy a house of her own. However, every time she seems to save a little bit of money she ends up gambling it away at a casino. Her friends and family are tired of her behavior and her frequent requests to borrow money.
How would each psychological approach explain her behavior?

26. Case Study - Mel
Read the story, and select which perspective is being described

27. Perspectives Worksheet
As a table, work together to explain the beliefs of each perspective
Then determine what types of questions a psychologist from that perspective would ask when talking to a patient.

28. Memory Experiment

29. Memory Experiment 1 12 22 15 4 18 5 10 25 23 8 17 16 2 20 9 3 24 7 13 14 21 11 19 6

30. Perspectives Worksheet
Suzy Schwartz is 7 years old and hates to go to school. Every weekday morning, Suzy wakes up with a stomach ache and complains that she can’t get up. She has on occasion thrown up and been unable to eat anything for breakfast. Her mother is not sure what to do about Suzy. If Mrs. Schwartz takes Suzy to school, Mrs. Schwartz often gets called by the nurse because Suzy has become physically ill. While Suzy is in class, she sits by herself or hides in the coat closet, refusing to talk to anyone.

31. What Psychologists Do Teach at colleges and universities
Provide health/mental health services
Counseling psychologists, school psychologists, clinical psychologists
Only Clinical psychologists are trained to do psychotherapy
Conduct research/ apply findings in nonacademic ways
Basic and applied psychology

32. Advance degree, specific training in psychoanalysis
Clinical Psychologist vs. Psychotherapist vs. Psychoanalyst vs. Psychiatrist vs. Social Worker
Title
Practice
Necessary Training
Psychotherapist
Therapy
None
Psychoanalyst
Psychoanalysis
Advance degree, specific training in psychoanalysis
Clinical Psychologist
Diagnose, treat, study mental/emotional problems
Ph. D, Ed. D, Psy. D

33. M.D., specialty in psychiatry
Title
Practice
Necessary Training
Psychiatrist
Diagnose, treat, study mental/emotional problems with a biological approach
M.D., specialty in psychiatry
LCSW, Marriage/ Family/ Child Counselor
Common individual or family problems, substance addiction/abuse
M.A. in Psychology or Social Work
Other Example Careers

34. Methods Critical and Scientific Thinking Scientific method
Case Studies - detailed description of an individual
Observational Studies - observes, measures and reports a subject’s behavior
Tests - measure or evaluate personality, emotions, aptitudes, interests, abilities and values
Surveys - look for information directly from people

35. Experiment
Hypothesis - words in categories will be easiest, numbers will be most difficult
Reliability -
Validity -

36. Things to Remember
one variable may not cause the other in an experiment
Always test for validity
Do I really believe that it was my treatment that caused a change in the subject's behavior, or could it have been a result of some other factor?
Check reliability
Read through experiment to identify hypothesis, experiment, variables, data and conclusion
Experiment A
Experiment B

37. Independent vs. Dependent
Dependent Variable - The part of the experiment that is altered by the experimenter
Independent Variable - The part of the experiment that changes as a result of the Dependent variable.

38. For each hypothesis identify the control group along with the independent and dependent variables.
A nurse insists that men are less likely than women to wash their hands after using a public restroom.
High School students learn better in the afternoon than the morning.
Interviewers assign more favorable ratings to subjects who are similar to themselves than they do to those who are dissimilar.

39. An exercise physiologist counsels his clients to exercise in the morning rather than at night to facilitate weight loss.
Children watching Dora the Explorer an hour a day learn Spanish easier than those watching Sesame Street.
Students will perform better on multiple-choice tests than they will on essay tests.
Individuals who take Airborne daily during the flu season are less likely to get the flu compared to others who do not.

40. Experiments
As a table, design 2 experiments that demonstrates a control, dependent variable and independent variable.
Grab a marker, and write your experiment on the board for the rest of the class to identify.

41. Terms to Know Independent Variable Psychology Dependent Variable
Case Study
Survey
Psychoanalyst
Therapist
Psychiatrist
Basic Psychology
Applied Psychology
Positive Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychology
Hippocrates
Freud
Wundt
Gestalt
Functionalism
Structuralism
Psychoanalysis
Introspection
Biological Perspective
Learning Perspective
Humanist Perspective