1. Latin II Review (part I)
Cambridge Unit I & II
Fall 2012
Magistra Chadwell

2. Nouns Nouns are separated into declensions.
A declension is a group of nouns w/the same endings.
Nouns have case, number and gender
Case indicates the nouns function.
Number refers to singular or plural.
Gender often has no bearing on the noun.
The dictionary entry of a noun gives you the important information: puella, puellae, f. girl

3. Nouns (con’t)
The second word is the genitive singular form. This gives you the stem and declension
1st declension: ancilla, ancillae (ancill—)
2nd declension: ager, agrī (agr—)
3rd declension: mater, matris (matr—)
4th declension: portus, portūs (port—)
5th declension: rēs, reī (r—)
Let’s look at the orange graphic organizer

4. Nouns (con’t) Nominative Case—used for the subject and predicate
Mater est in tablino.
Coquus est iratus.
Genitive Case—used for possession (of, ‘s, s’)
Quīntus canem puerī vīdit.
Dative Case—used for indirect object (to/for) and with intransitive verbs
Mater puellae librum dat.
Mihi placet. (mihi licet….?)

5. Nouns (con’t)
Accusative—used for the direct object and some prepositions (ad, in, per, prope, apud)
Mater puellae librum dat.
Ablative—used for prepositions (a/ab, cum, de, e/ex, in, pro, sine, sub). If no preposition is present, may be translated with from, with, by, in, on (as needed)
Grumiō cum servīs laborābat.

6. Identify the case and number
canibus (3rd)
agrī (2nd)
iter (3rd)
vōce (3rd)
rērum (5th)
manūs (4th)
puellīs (1st)
templa (2nd)

7. Nouns and Adjectives Adjectives fall into two categories.
1st/2nd declension: laetus, laeta, laetum
pulcher, pulchra,pulchrum
3rd declension: fortis, fortis, forte
Nouns and adjectives must agree in case, # and gender.
That does not mean that they will have the same endings.

8. Noun and Adjectives bonus servus same declension, nom, s, m
bona mater diff. declension, nom s, f.
fortis mater same decl., diff. endings
bonōrum canum diff. declension, gen, m, pl
bonārum canum diff. declension, gen, f, pl
brevī tempore neuter, abl sing, same decl
In most instances, if noun and adj are same
declension, then endings are the same. There
are a few exceptions, mainly in 3rd declension.

9. Verbs
Verbs are broken down into conjugations based on their infinitive
Verbs have 5 characteristics
Person (perspective of the subject)
Number (singular or plural)
Tense (time frame of the action)
Voice (later this year)
Mood (later this year)
You’ve learned 3 of the 6 tenses (present, imperfect and perfect)

10. Verbs (con’t) Present tense is used for an action happening now.
Can be translated 3 different ways.
Laborat works, is working, does work
Imperfect tense is used for a repeated or incomplete past action
Can be translated several ways and recognized by –ba.
Laborabat was working, used to work, began to work

11. Verbs (con’t)
Perfect tense is used for a single, completed past action.
Has its own set of endings
Uses a different stem from present and imperfect (-v, -u, -x, -s, vowel change, long mark, extra syllable, sometimes no change)
Can be translate three different ways
Laboravit worked, did work, has worked
You did learn an important irregular verb (sum)

12. Miscellaneous Information
Latin doesn’t use articles (a/an, the)
Pronouns—ego, tu, nos, and vos I
You (s)
Nom
ego tū
Dat
mihi
tibi
Acc mē tē We
You (P)
Nōs
Vōs
Nōbīs
Vōbīs
nōs
vōs

13. Miscellaneous Information
Question words
-ne (added to first word)
num (expects a no answer)
quid, quis, cur, ubi
Comparative and Superlative adjectives
Laetus, laetior, laetissium happy, happier, happiest
Pulcher, pulchrior, pulcherrimuspretty, prettier, very pretty