1. Prepared by Manisha Chakraborty Roll No. 21 ( B.Ed)
Global Warming
Prepared by
Manisha Chakraborty
Roll No. 21 ( B.Ed)

2. Contents : Introduction Causes of Global Warming Greenhouse Effect
Effect of Global Warming
Precautions
Conclusion

3. Global Warming:
Temperature of the earth is increasing day by day, due to Greenhouse effect, this increasing temperature of the earth is known as Global Warming.

4. Causes Of Global Warming:
Global Warming is happening due to the Green House Effect. Where different types of green house gases are reason behind it.
A further discussion about, how green house gases are affecting our global temperature? Is as follows.

5. Greenhouse Effect:
In a greenhouse, energy from the sun passes through the glass as rays of light. This energy is absorbed by the plants, soil, and other objects in the greenhouse. Much of this absorbed energy is converted to heat, which warms the greenhouse. The glass helps keep the greenhouse warm by trapping this heat.
The earth's atmosphere acts somewhat like the glass of a greenhouse. About 31 % of the incoming radiation from the sun is reflected directly back to space by the earth's atmosphere and surface (particularly by snow and ice), and another 20 % is absorbed by the atmosphere. The rest of the incoming radiation is absorbed by the earth's oceans and land, where it is converted into heat, warming the surface of the earth and the air above it. Particular gases in the atmosphere act like the glass of a greenhouse, preventing the heat from escaping.
To be continued

6. These greenhouse gases absorb heat and radiate some of it back to the earth's surface, causing surface temperatures to be higher than they would otherwise be. This effect is known as Green House Effect.

7. Greenhouse Gases:
The most important naturally occurring greenhouse gas is water vapor and it is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect. However, other gases, although they occur in much smaller quantities, also play a substantial and growing role in the greenhouse effect. These include carbon dioxide(CO2), methane(CH4), and nitrous oxide(N2O), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), carbon monoxide (CO) etc.

8. Greenhouse Gas Emission By Sector:
Here you can seen the sources from where the green houses gases are emitting and their percentage of emission.

9. Effect Of Global Warming:
Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.
Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adélie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years.
Sea level rise became faster over the last century.
Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average.
Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce trees.

11. Other effects could happen later this century, if warming continues:
Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters).
Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger.
Species that depend on one another may become out of sync.
Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years.
Less fresh water will be available. If the Quelccaya ice cap in Peru continues to melt at its current rate, it will be gone by 2100, leaving thousands of people who rely on it for drinking water and electricity without a source of either.
Some diseases will spread, such as malaria carried by mosquitoes.
Ecosystems will change—some species will move farther north or become more successful; others won’t be able to move and could become extinct.

12. A crucial example of Global Warming:
Wildlife research scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish for food, polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier.  Polar bear biologist Ian Stirling has found a similar pattern in Hudson Bay.  He fears that if sea ice disappears, the polar bears will as well.

13. Precautions To Be Taken:
There is no such way to remove the green house effect or to stop Global Warming instantly! But there are some ways to reduce it gradually. To reduce increasing global warming we should conscious & need to fallow these instructions given billow,
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposables. Buy products with minimal packaging. Recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. By recycling half of your household waste, you can save 1088kg of carbon dioxide every year.
Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning:
  Turn down the heat while you're sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Setting your thermostat just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in summer could save about 907kg of carbon dioxide each year.

14. 3. Change your light bulbs:
Replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs. CFLs last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat.
4. Drive less and drive smarter:
Go surfing with friends, Walk and ride your bike more and check out options for carpooling to work or school. When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example, keeping your tires properly inflated can improve your petrol mileage by more than 3 percent.
5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products:
When it's time to buy a new car, choose one that offers good mileage. Home appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and compact florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far less energy than standard light bulbs.

15. 6. Use Less Hot Water:
Set your water heater at a lower temperature to save energy and buy low-flow showerheads to save hot water and about 350 pounds of carbon dioxide yearly.
7. Use the "Off" Switch:
Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your television, video player, stereo and computer when you're not using them. It's also a good idea to turn off the water when you're not using it.
8. Plant a Tree or two :
If you have the means to plant a tree, start digging. A single tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide(during photosynthesis, ) during its lifetime.

16. 9. Keep an eye on your local beach :
Keep an eye on changes, pick up litter, use your local status to increase respect for the ocean environment. 
10. Encourage Others to Conserve :
Share information about recycling and energy conservation with your friends, neighbors and co-workers, and take opportunities to encourage public officials to establish programs and policies that are good for the environment.
These steps will take you a long way toward reducing your energy use and your monthly budget. And less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming and the raising of temperatures in our oceans.

17. International Efforts:
The Kyoto Protocol went into effect in February 2005, and the Kyoto Mechanisms have been clearly defined as an international measure to cope with global warming.
Tohoku EPCo has been actively engaged in efforts for promotion of projects (Joint Implementation/Clean Development Mechanism) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale.
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of Greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system. There are 192 parties to the convention, including 191 states (all UN members, except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and the United States) and the European Union. The Protocol was adopted by Parties to the UNFCCC in 1997, and entered into force in 2005.

18. Conclusion:
With the help of this presentation I have tried to make you realize that, how day by day Global Worming is becoming dangerous to us. To stop this increasing global warming, different organizations and different nations are taking several positive steps , as I have mentioned before . But, the most important thing is consciousness, our consciousness.
So, lets do a promise to yourself to save our beautiful earth with all positive initiatives & contributions.