1. Unit 1: Fundamental Concepts
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

2. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
Topics covered
Definition of surveying & its scope
Objective of forest surveying
Classification of surveying
Field measurement – linear, angular and their units
Scale – R.F., graphical scale, shrunk scale with numerical
Work of surveyor – field work, office work & care of instruments
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

3. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
1.1 Surveying Defined
What is Surveying?
Determining the relative position of points
(horizontal &vertical)
Or delineating the form, extent, position of tract of land by means of measurements( distance, elevation & direction)
Art & science of map making.
Break the defination down to many slides with picture and mention it briefly.
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

4. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
1.1 Surveying Defined
Includes the staking out the lines and grades needed for the construction projects
Break the defination down to many slides with picture and mention it briefly.
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

5. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
1.1 Surveying Defined
Includes the staking out the lines and grades needed for the construction projects
OGL
Road Level
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

6. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
1.1 Surveying Defined
Involves field work, office work
Angle measurement, Distance measurement….
Systematic recording of data in field book
Computation of data, plotting work
Calculation of area and volume…..
Break the defination down to many slides with picture and mention it briefly.
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

7. 1.1 Objectives of forest surveying
In forestry
Map out fire burnt areas
Demarcate and/or check forest boundaries
Layout felling coupes
Prepare plantation maps, stock maps,
Detect & rectify encroachments
Prepare plans of areas for plantation, clearance etc.
Align extraction path, road inside the forest
In NRM/Soil conservation & watershed management
acquire design data for the construction of conservation structure (check dam, conservation pond, retaining wall, trail, drainage structure…..)
Try to find pictures of activities of surveying in forestry and insert it
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

8. 1.1 Plane & Geodetic Type Survey
Some true facts:
Oblate spheroid shape of earth
12 Km long arc lying on earth surface is only 1 cm greater than the subtended chord.
∑angles of spherical triangle - ∑angles of plane triangle
= 1 sec for 195 Sqkm earth area.
Get the picture of earths image from net and paste here.
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

9. 1.1 Plane & Geodetic Type Survey
Plane Survey
Spheroidal shape neglected
All triangles formed are plane triangle
Simple mathematics enough to handle calculation
Geodetic survey
Spheroidal shape taken into account
All triangles formed are spherical triangle
Include work of larger magnitude
Used to determine the precise position of points
Use of advance mathematics to handle calculation
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

10. 1.1 Classification of survey
Based upon nature of field
Land Surveying
Topographical
Cadastral
City
Hydrographic Surveying
Astronomical Surveying
Based upon objective of survey
Engineering Surveying
Military Surveying
Mine Surveying
Geological Surveying
Archeological Surveying
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

11. 1.1 Classification of survey contd……..
Based upon instrument used.
Chain Surveying
Compass Surveying
Theodolite Surveying
Plane table Surveying
Photographic Surveying
GPS Surveying
Based upon methods of surveying
Traverse Surveying
Triangulation Surveying
Tachometry Surveying
Aerial Surveying
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

12. 1.2 Measurement types & its unit
Distance (Horizontal & Vertical)
Angle (Horizontal & Vertical)
Units of Distance
British System – older system, ft, inch, yard
Metric System – meter, cm, mm
Conversion factor
Units of Angle
Sexagesimal – USA, UK, India
Centesimal – Europe
Hours System – Astronomy & Navigation
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

13. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
1.3 Scale
Scale
Impossible to plot the area in same size paper
Map distance/corresponding ground distance
Methods
Engineer’s scale - 1cm = 10 m
Representative Fraction - 1/1000, 1/300
Graphical scale 5m
0 m
15 m
10 m
Scale Choice Factors
Purpose of the map to be used
(Individual nursery plot/design or community forestry master map plot/design)
Profile leveling vs. cross sectioning
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

14. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
1.3 Scale contd…..
Extent of area to be represented in map
Map of Pokhara
1:5000
Map of IOF
1:5000
Shrunk scale
Used when graphical scale is not drawn
Product of shrinkage factor and original scale
Shrinkage factor?
Shrunk length/original length
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

15. Numerical on scale contd…..
The area of the plan of an old survey plotted to a scale of 10 meters to 1 cm measures now as sq. cm as found by planimeter. The plan is found to be shrunk so that a line originally 10 cm long now measures 9.7 cm only. Find (i) the shrunk scale (ii) true area of survey.
Tips for solution
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

16. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
Work of a surveyor
Field work
Office work
Care and adjustment of the instrument
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

17. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
Work of a surveyor
Field work
Establishing stations and bench marks as point of reference (horizontal & vertical control)
Measuring angle and distance of survey lines
Locating details ( boundary wall, street, building…..)
Giving lines and levels for construction work
Measuring across the obstacle
Taking measurements to inaccessible points
Observation on the solar system to establish true bearing
Field note taking (All hard work in the field will be valueless if any ambiguity exists to the meaning of records)
Numerical values, sketches, explanatory notes
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

18. Unit 1: Fundamental concepts
Work of a surveyor
Office work
Drafting
Computing
Designing
Care & adjustment of instruments
Delicate, precise & with many parts in single instrument (level, theodolite)
Expensive
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts

19. Thank you for your attention!
Any questions? Querries?
November 15, 2008
Unit 1: Fundamental concepts