1. Basic Surveying
Dr. Asma Th. Ibraheem
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2. Introduction to Surveying
Definition:
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and locating the points in the field.
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3. The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases:
Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and final point locations.
Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements and recording data in the field.
Computing & Data Processing – preparing calculations based upon the recorded data to determine locations in a useable form.
Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to produce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.
Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or stakes in the proper locations in the field.
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4. 2 Categories of Surveying:
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5. Plane Surveying – surveying with the reference base for fieldwork and computations are assumed to be a flat horizontal surface.
Generally within a 12 mile radius the pull of gravity is very nearly parallel to that at any other point within the radius and thus horizontal lines can be considered straight.
Geodetic Surveying – surveying technique to determine relative positions of widely spaced points, lengths, and directions which require the consideration of the size and shape of the earth. (Takes the earth’s curvature into account.)
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6. 7 Types of Surveys:
Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data obtained by camera or other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.
Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners, boundaries, and areas of land parcels.
Control Surveying – establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments that serve as a reference framework for other survey projects.
Engineering Surveying – providing points and elevations for the building Civil Engineering projects.
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7. 7 Types of Surveys:
Topographic Surveying – collecting data and preparing maps showing the locations of natural man-made features and elevations of points o the ground for multiple uses.
Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long – narrow projects associated with Civil Engineering projects.
Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines.
Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines and the bottom of bodies of water.
Also known as bathymetric surveying.
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8. Brief History of Surveying:
Surveying had it’s beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
Land along the Nile River was divided for taxation. Divisions were washed away by annual floods.
“ROPE-STRETCHERS” Egyptian surveyors were created to relocate the land divisions (measurements were made with ropes having knots at unit distances).
Extensive use of surveying in building of Egyptian monuments
Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed Geometry.
Developed one of the earliest surveying instruments – Diopter (a form of level).
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9. Brief History of Surveying:
Romans: developed surveying into a science to create the Roman roads, aqueducts, and land division systems.
Surveyors held great power, had schools and a professional organization
Developed several instruments:
Groma – cross instrument used to determine lines and right angles
Libella – “A” frame with a plumb bob used for leveling
Chorobates – 20’ straight edge with oil in notch for leveling
Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in Europe.
Quadrans – square brass frame capable of turning angles up to 90° and has a graduated scale developed by an Italian named Von Piso.
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10. Brief History of Surveying:
18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need for mapping and marking land claims caused extensive surveying, especially by the English.
1785: United Stated began extensive surveys of public lands into one mile square sections
30 states surveyed under the U.S. Public Land System (also called the Rectangular System)
1807: United States Geological Survey founded to establish an accurate control network and mapping
Famous American Surveyors: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, George Rogers Clark, Abe Lincoln and many more.
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11. Brief History of Surveying:
20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced, population increased, and land value caused development of licensure for surveyors in all states.
Educational requirements for licensure began in the early 1990’s
Capable of electronic distance measurement, positioning using global positioning systems, construction machine control, and lidar (scanning) mapping
Involvement in rebuilding of the infrastructure and geographic information systems (GIS)
Shortage of licensed professionals is projected well into the 21st century
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12. Geomatics is defined as a systemic, multidisciplinary, integrated approach to select the instruments and the appropriate techniques for collecting, storing, integrating, modeling, analyzing, retrieving at will, transforming, displaying and distributing spatially georeferenced data from different sources with well-defined accuracy characteristics, continuity and in a digital format.
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13. The name is used for surveying in U. S. A
The name is used for surveying in U.S.A. / Canada / United Kingdom / Australia. Surveying engineering = Geomatics engineering Principal reason for name change is :
Recent technologies provided surveyors new tools for measuring and/or collecting information, for computing, and for displaying and disseminating information.
Increasing concerns about the environment locally, regionally and globally, and this has greatly exacerbated efforts in monitoring, managing and regulating the use of our land, water, air and other natural resources.
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14. Surveying is used in the following sciences: Astronomy Forestry
Geography
Geology
Geophysics
Landscape architecture
Military and civil engineering
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18. making measurements with various types of instruments.
Surveying safety
Surveyors (Geomatic engineers) generally are involved in both field and office work.
1- Field work
making measurements with various types of instruments.
determine the relative locations of points.
to set out stakes in accordance with planned locations to guide building and construction operations.
2- Office work
research and analysis in preparing for surveys.
computing and processing the data obtained from field measurements.
preparing maps, plots, charts, reports and other documents.
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19. Five kinds of measurement are: Horizontal angles Horizontal distances Vertical (or zenith) angles Vertical distances Slope distances
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20. Units of Measurements Magnitudes of measurements must be given in terms of specific units. Units in surveying 1. length 2. area 3. volume 4. angle International System of Units (SI) Metric system.
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23. The Distance Formula
The distance d between any two points with the coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given by
A (x1,y1)
B (x2,y2)
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24. Distance measurements are either used to measure between fixed points or to set a point a specific distance from a starting point. Distances can be described using several different types of units. Feet, meters, chains and poles are among the most common.
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25. Distance Measuring Methods/devices
Pacing
Odometer
Chaining
Stadia
Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
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26. Pacing Measuring distance by counting steps (paces).
Distance is calculated by multiplying the number of paces by the individuals pace factor.
Advantages
Simple
Low tech
No specialized equipment
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27. Odometer Wheel An odometer is a mechanical revolution counter.
An odometer wheel is a wheel which uses an odometer to count the rotations of the wheel.
Advantages
Easy to use
Low tech
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28. Chaining
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29. -Chaining = Taping Traditional method of measuring distance.
Usually 100 foot lengths.
Two common types.
Available in steel and cloth.
Advantages
High precision
0.001 foot accuracy
Can be used to measure horizontal distances.
Error 0.1% of distance.
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30. Recording the distance
Taping
When taping is used to determine the horizontal distance between two points or to set a point a specific distance from another point, it is done in six steps:
Lining in
Applying tension
Plumbing
Marking tape lengths
Reading the tape
Recording the distance
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34. Angles and
Their Measure
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35. Protractor for Measuring Angles
6/4/2018 6:00 PM
Protractor for Measuring Angles
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36. Measuring Angles Units are degrees (º)
6/4/2018 6:00 PM
Measuring Angles Units are degrees (º)
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37.       It’s Greek To Me! alpha beta gamma theta phi delta
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38. Programme F8: Trigonometry
Angles
Trigonometric ratios
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39. Programme F8: Trigonometry
Angles
Pythagoras’ theorem
The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides
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40. There are two other versions of the law of cosines,
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
There are two other versions of the law of cosines,
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
and
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B.
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41. Angles can be measured 3 ways:
1) Degrees (360 parts to a rotation)
used for triangle applications
2) Radians (2∏ parts to a rotation)
used for circular applications
3) Grads (100 parts to a rotation)
used by the military
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43. arc length of the circle
Radian Measure
An angle
measured in radians
is the ratio of the
arc length of the circle
to the radius
of the circle.
radius θ
arc length
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44. radius
arc length θ
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45. 2∏r Since the circumference of a circle is _______ ,
one complete rotation
would have arc length
of _______.
So θ = 1 rotation = 360° = 2∏ radians
2∏r
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47. Degree  Radian Conversion
Degrees  Radians:
Radians  Degrees:
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49. DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBSERVATIONS
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50. applying a tape to a line fitting a protector to an angle
Direct observations :
Examples :
applying a tape to a line
fitting a protector to an angle
turning an angle with a total station instrument
Indirect observations :
Observations are determined by its relationship to some other value or values
Example : The distance across a river can be found by observing the length of a line on one side, the angle at each end of this line to a point on the other side and then computing the distance by one of the standard trigonometric formulas
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51. Errors & Mistakes
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52. ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS
An error is the difference between an observed value (X), for a quantity and its true value
It is unconditionally stated that :
1.no observation is exact
2.every observation contains error
3. the true value of an observation is never known and therefore,
the exact error present is always unknown
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53. 3. fatigue missed communication 4. poor judgment
MISTAKES
These are observer blunders and caused by: 1.misunderstanding the problem
2. carelessness
3. fatigue missed communication
4. poor judgment
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54. Personal errors: arise from limitations of sight and touch.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
Natural errors: caused by variations in wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, atmospheres refraction, gravity and magnetic declination
Instrumental errors: imperfection in the construction or judgment of instruments and from the movement of individual parts
Personal errors: arise from limitations of sight and touch.
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55. Errors in observations are of two types : systematic and random
TYPES OF ERRORS
Errors in observations are of two types : systematic and random
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56. PRECISION AND ACCURACY
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58. Precision refers to the degree of refinement or consistency of a group of observations, and is evaluated on the basis of discrepancy size. If multiple observations are made of the same quantity and small discrepancies result, this indicates high precision. The degree of precision attainable is dependent on equipment sensitivity and observer skill.
Accuracy denotes the absolute nearness of observed quantities to their true values
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59. Horizontal Distance Measurement
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60. Basic Surveying Terms Vertical line Horizontal line Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
Level surface (Line)
Distance
Horizontal
Vertical
Slope
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61. Five kinds of measurement are:
Horizontal angles
Horizontal distances
Vertical (or zenith) angles
Vertical distances
Slope distances
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63. Distance measurements are either used to measure between fixed points or to set a point a specific distance from a starting point. Distances can be described using several different types of units. Feet, meters, chains and poles are among the most common.
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64. Horizontal Distance Measurement
Pacing
Tape
Odometer
Tacheometry : Subtense Bar and Stadia
EDM and GPS
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65. Distance Measurement Devices and accuracy:
Older technologies “ quick look”
Pacing : 1:50
Optical rangefinders: 1: 50
Odometers: 1:200
Tacheometry / stadia 1: 500
Subtense bar 1: 3000
Tapes: 1: 10,000
Modern Technology:
- Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) devices
- Total Station and Smart Station
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66. Recording the distance
Taping
When taping is used to determine the horizontal distance between two points or to set a point a specific distance from another point, it is done in six steps:
Lining in
Applying tension
Plumbing
Marking tape lengths
Reading the tape
Recording the distance
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69. Taping on Sloping Ground
Taping on ground that has a slope too steep to allow the surveyors to bring the full length of the tape to a level position will require the recording of partial tape lengths. This procedure is called breaking tape.
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72. Personal errors : arise from limitations of sight and touch.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
Natural errors : caused by variations in wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, atmospheres refraction, gravity and magnetic declination
Instrumental errors : imperfection in the construction or judgment of instruments and from the movement of individual parts
Personal errors : arise from limitations of sight and touch.
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73. Tape Measurement Sources of Errors: Incorrect length of the tape
Temperature difference
Sag
Poor alignment
Tape not horizontal
Improper Plumbing
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74. Odometer and Subtense Bar
The idea of an odometer.
Subtense bar: a 2 m rod.
Distance H= cot(/2) m. 3 3

75. Aiming Telescope
Subtense Bar
Distance H = cot(/2) m.
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76. Stadia Principle of the Stadia:
Horizontal Distance = 100 rod intercept for a horizontal line of sight and a vertical rod
Symbols:
(I) rod intercept, or stadia interval
(i) spacing between stadia hair
(f/i) = k = 100: stadia interval factor
C = (c + f) approximately 0, Stadia constant
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77. EDM Mounted on a theodolite
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79. Reflectors (Prisms) Fully rotating prism Prism and sighting target
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Pole and bipod

80. Handheld laser measuring devices
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