1. Sleep Deprivation, Exercise, and Anxiety
Erik Manke
October 3, 2014

2. Prank your Friends!

3. What is sleep deprivation?
AASM
<7-8 hours for adults
20% adults deprived
Cognitive Effects
Irritability, lack of motivation, anxiety, depression, ƒLack of concentration, Attention deficits, Reduced vigilance, Longer reaction times, Distractibility, Lack of energy, Fatigue, Restlessness, Lack of coordination, Poor decisions, Increased errors, Forgetfulness
Bold words should be measurable in human and animal models in behavioral and neurochemical tests

4. Why should you sleep? WebMD list Decreased alertness Memory Impairment
Stress
Heart Issues
Stroke
Depression
Obesity
Poor Quality of life

5. Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)
Very rare autosomal dominant disease
Mutated PrP in brain
Onset 18-60
1) Insomnia, phobias, and paranoia
2) Hallucinations
3) Drastic weight loss
4) Dementia and death
-process over only 18 months

6. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Plaques
Beta-amyloid
Tangles
Tau
Symptoms
Disorientation, mood changes, learning deficits, irritability, memory loss (short-term), depression, loss of inhibitions, sleep-wake cycle shifts

7. Sleep Deprivation and Cognition
Alkadhi et al 2013
Restoration of brain metabolism
Absence of sensory
Allow memory consolidation
Hippocampus
Humans and animals differ
Correlate to size and metabolic rate

8. Sleep and the Hippocampus
Excitatory Synaptic Transmission
NMDA-R signalling
Overall hippocampal activity increases
Both pre- and post-learning

9. Sleep Cycle REM NREM Hippocampus and cortex disconnect
Local NMDA activity
Memory Integration
NREM
Hippocampus and cortex synchronization
Memory Connection

10. Sleep Deprivation Models
Forced Activity
Gentle Handling
Head Lifting
Enlarged Environment
Modified Multiple Platform Technique

11. Forced Activity
Animal forced to exercise on rotating wheels while sleep should be taking place

12. Gentle Handling
Animal prodded gently if sleep occurs– can be selective process for NREM or REM

13. Head Lifting
Requires monitoring of polysomnography machine to ID sleep stage—Pulley system gently lifts rats head to awaken

14. Enlarged Environment
Large novel environment will cause sleep deprivation because rat will explore rather than sleep—non-intrusive and non-stressful—generalized sleep deprivation

15. Modified Multiple Platform Technique
Social groups of rats are allowed to balance on islands over the water—upon REM sleep, rats fall in and awaken—also stressful and interferes with 40% NREM sleep

16. Anxiety and Sleep Deprivation

17. Short Term Memory-Water Maze

19. Cognition Related Brain Signaling Molecules

20. Counteracting Sleep Deprivation
Nicotine
Caffeine
Exercise

21. Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease
Hosseinzadeh et al 2013
Homocysteine (Hcy)
Oxidative stressor
Derived from methionine
Lack of physical activity
Dorsal hippocampus
Measure TBARS and SOD

22. Cognitive Benefits of Exercise
Hippocampal dentate gyrus
Glu increased
GABA decreased
NO release
Ach release

23. Shuttle Box Test Passive avoidance test
Test learning and cognitive function
Dark/Light chamber
Shock Administration
Measure time for avoidance

25. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS)

27. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

29. Exercise and Sleep Restriction
Zielinski et al 2013
Anxiety and memory
Most studies severe
Chronic-moderate sleep deprivation
Sleep deprivation=Bad
Exercise=Good

30. Elevated Plus Maze
Anxiety related behaviors measured– time in open space= not anxious, time in closed space=anxious

32. Morris Water Maze
Spatial learning and memories measured—shorter time to hidden platform=learning, longer time=no learning

35. Hippocampal c-Fos Measure
Hippocampal activity and spatial memory

38. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
Neurotrophin regulates cortical and hippocampal synaptic plasticity—necessary for learning and memory

41. Take Home Messages
Exercise positively correlates with proper hippocampus function
Improve memory and learning
Sleep deprivation negatively correlates with proper hippocampus function
Decrease memory and learning
Exercise has anxiolytic effects but can be decreased by sleep deprevation

42. Take Home Messages (cont.)
Exercise can reduce the effects of Alzheimer’s disease
Reduction of oxidative stress
Decrease SOD levels and increase TBARS levels
Learning and memory decreased from AD
Mirrored effects of Hcy in rat brain
Rescued by exercise

43. Take Home Messages (cont.)
Effects of sleep deprivation can be rescued
Caffeine, nicotine, and exercise

44. Take Home Messages (final)