1. Low Carbon and Energy Efficient Technologies: Implementation, Success Stories and Challenges in Global Shipping
Dr Zabi Bazari | GMN Consultant
MTCC-Africa 1st National Workshop | June 2017 | Mombasa, Kenya
The Global MTCC Network (GMN) project
is funded by the European Union and implemented by IMO
The views expressed in this presentation
can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union

2. Content 1 Introduction to low carbon shipping 2
Energy efficient technologies
Alternative fuels 1 2 3 4
Emissions abatement technologies 5
Conclusions

3. Low carbon shipping Eco-ship: Design for energy efficiency
Eco-shipping: Operation for energy efficiency
Low carbon fuel: Alternative fuels

4. Potential for energy efficiency
Various studies has evaluated the potential for ship energy efficiency.
There are general agreement that a significant reduction is possible.

5. 
Energy Efficiency Technologies

6. Ship dimensions and hull form
Ship dimensions and principle characteristics.
Hull design optimisation.
Areas for improvement include:
Hull itself – reduce skin friction.
Afterbody – reduce wave making resistance.
Bulbous bow - reduce wave making resistance.
Flow optimisation around hull appendices and openings.

7. Hull Air Lubrication A cushion of air at the bottom of the ship
Mitsubishi
A cushion of air at the bottom of the ship
Advantages:
Reduces skin friction
Saving potentials up to 10%.
Tries and tested on few ships.
Issues:
Best suited to ships having flat bottoms.
Bubble retention difficult
Impact on propeller
Energy needed to produce compressed air
Ref.: System by DK Group

8. Propulsion Technologies
Propeller efficiency and losses
Contra-rotating propellers
Becker Marine Systems
Mewis duct
Ducted propeller
Wake equalising duct
[Scheneekluth]
Integrated propeller-rudder Promas efficiency rudder
[Ship Technology website]
Propeller boss cap fins
DSME system [SPPA]
Pre-propeller stator

9. Engine Waste Heat Recovery
Key advantages:
Practical and feasible.
Up to 12% energy saving on larger ships.
Key issues:
Cost and payback period not there yet.
Lack of operation flexibility.

10. Engine Technologies De-rated engines: Up to 5% energy efficiency
Long-stroke engines: 4-7% efficiency gains

11. Fuel Cell Technology – Long term
Fuel Cell Basics
Research is concentrated on pilot systems of up to about 500 kW
A longer term future

12. Hybrid-Electric Ships
Mechanical propulsion
Hybrid propulsion
Electric propulsion
Operation flexibility
Energy efficiency
Cost (CAPEX and OPEX)

13. Hybrid-electric and energy storage (battery) technologies
A ship concept with fuel cell and battery configuration
Battery Technology
Electrical integration and Control Technologies
Enabling Technologies
Fuel Cell Technology
Alternative Fuel and Energy
(LNG, H2, wind, Solar, etc.)
Shore Power Technology
Typical hybrid system configuration. Source: Wartsila

14. Auxiliary Machinery Technologies
Variable speed drives
High efficiency electric motors
Energy saving lighting system
Energy metering and monitoring systems

15. Renewable Energy Technologies
Norway Multi Marine Ferry:
Capacity 125 cars, 110 m long and 17 m wide
“Plug-in” LNG hybrid
Two Flettner rotors
Est. a minimum 12% reduction in fuel use.
Solar: NYK Car Carrier Auriga
328 solar panels, USD 1.68m, 40 kW, ~0.3% of installed power
Ref: SkySails GmbH & Co
Kites
Wing Sails impression by Eco-Marine

16. NOx limits and solution

17. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
NOx is converted back into N2 using SCR.
SCR uses a “catalyst” and a chemical “agent” to do the job
The “catalysts” is a form of precious metal.
The “agent” is normally ammonia or urea.
NOx can be reduced by up to 95%.
Operational complexities and costs.

18. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
Exhaust gas is re-circulated
Lower cylinder temp and NOx
Hot EGR or cold EGR
Need for exhaust gas filtration / scrubbing
Up to 50% reduction in NOx.
Penalty in higher fuel consumption.
Source: MAN publication: Tier III compliance – Slow speed engines

19. Sulphur limits and solutions
Source: IMO
Compliance method:
Low sulphur fuel
LNG
SOx scrubbers

20. Scrubber technology: How does it work?
SOx is removed via using washwater.
System includes:
Water supply
Water treatment
Exhaust gas monitoring
Water monitoring
Treatment agent
Types
Sea water
Fresh water
Hybrid
Issues
Space
Cost (CAPEX and OPEX)
Operational complexity
Source: Wartsila

21. 
Concept ships – A window to the future

22. Concept Ship 1 – Medium Term – DNV Quantum
A wider beam for stability and reduction of need for ballast.
A wider deck to increase capacity.
A slender hull with high fuel efficiency;
A better bow for sea-keeping and efficiency;
Reduced wind resistance.
LNG as fuel with possibility of burning liquid fuels
Reduced design speed: 21 knots
Lightweight material: About 1,100 tonnes of weight saving
Machinery and ship systems: Electric propulsion + dual fuel engine generators

23. Concept Ship 2 – Long Term - NYK Super ECO 2030
LNG as fuel.
Fuel cell
Lightweight material.
Contra-rotating propellers.
Wind and solar power.
Hull friction reduction
Battery technology
Etc.
69% reduction in CO2

24. Conclusions
There are a variety of technologies and fuels that may be used to reduce GHG emissions from shipping.
The technologies may be divided into:
Optimised solution of existing technologies
Innovative technologies
Future ships will be more expensive to build and more complex to operate.
However, future ships will be much more energy efficient and will have smaller environmental footprint.

25. Thank you for your attention!