1. EDEXCEL Additional Science C2
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DTT Booster
EDEXCEL Additional Science C2
THERAPY C2 Topics 2 & 3   
Commissioned by The PiXL Club Ltd. February 2016
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
This resource is strictly for the use of member schools for as long as they remain members of The PiXL Club. It may not be copied, sold nor transferred to a third party or used by the school after membership ceases. Until such time it may be freely used within the member school.
All opinions and contributions are those of the authors. The contents of this resource are not connected with nor endorsed by any other company, organisation or institution.
The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number

2. How to deliver the DTT Booster
Administer the short diagnosis test.
Mark the test.
Work through the therapy slides completing the model questions and answers.
Complete the question slides for students to self or peer assess.
Administer the final test.

3. Conduction and convection
Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding
Compounds are usually very different from the elements that they were made from.
Salt – sodium chloride
Sodium
Chlorine
A chemical compound is formed when two or more different elements combine together chemically.
Iron and sulfur can be mixed together but they are not joined chemically, you can still take out the iron with a magnet.
If we heat iron and sulfur together they react to form a new compound iron sulfide, FeS. A magnet cannot separate the iron from this compound.
Model Question
If hydrogen and oxygen are reacted together, which compound is formed? How do you know it is now a compound?
Model Answer
Water is formed, H2O(l). Water is a colourless liquid, hydrogen and oxygen are colourless gases.
mix
Iron + sufur  iron + sulfur
Fe(s) + S(s)  Fe(s) + S(s)
react
Iron + sufur  iron sulfide
Fe(s) + S(s)  FeS(s)
The slight change in name tells you that a reaction has occurred
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

4. Conduction and convection
Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding
Model Question
Draw the electron arrangement for a magnesium atom (it has 12 electrons). What does magnesium want to do when it reacts?
Model Answer
Magnesium wants to lose two electrons.
Mg2+
When atoms react together they are transferring electrons or sharing electrons.
By transferring (losing or gaining) or sharing electrons the atom is trying to fill or empty its outer electron shell
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
This atom has 1 electron on its outer shell, it wants to empty its outer shell by losing one electron
This atom has 7 electrons on its outer shell, it wants to fill its outer shell by gaining one electron
Na F
Electrons are negatively charged.
If an atom loses an electron what remains is a particle that has a positive charge. This is a positive ion.
An atom that gains an electron becomes a negative ion. + -
Na F-
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

5. Conduction and convection
Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding
Model Question
What is the rule about ions and attraction?
Model Answer
Opposites attract, positive attracts negative.
If ions are formed when two atoms meet the bonding is called ionic bonding.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
When a positive ion and a negative ion are close to each other there is a very strong attraction between them it is called an electrostatic attraction
As well as at the front, there will be an ion at the back
The attraction does not happen in just one direction, but in all directions. Remember the ion is a sphere not a circle. - - - +
The positive ion will attract negative ions from all sides -
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

6. Conduction and convection
Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding
Our positive and negative ions will to form a large 3-d structure with oppositely charged ions top and bottom as well as side to side. This is called a lattice.
Model Question
What is the name of the force that hold ions together?
Model Answer
Electrostatic attraction.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
When enough ions join together in the lattice we can see the whole lattice as a salt crystal
Because the forces in the lattice are so strong it is very difficult to break them, the have high melting points.
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

7. Conduction and convection
Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding
Model Question
Draw a diagram to show the covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms?
Model Answer
Some atoms do not lose electrons but share them in order to fill their outer shell.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
This mostly happens between non-metals.
It is called covalent bonding.
Hydrogen can covalently bond to chlorine
A hydrogen A chlorine
atom atom
For the other ½ of the time chlorine has the share of the 2 electrons and its outer shell is full
A covalent bond.
For ½ of the time hydrogen has the share of the 2 electrons and its outer shell is full
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

8. Conduction and convection
Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding
Model Question
Draw the electron arrangement for a carbon atom (it has 6 electrons). How many electrons does carbon want to share?
Model Answer
Carbon would like to share 4 electrons
Most covalent bonding is one or two atoms and is called simple covalent bonding.
Hydrogen H2, Hydrogen chloride HCl, water H2O, ammonia NH3 and methane CH4 are all examples of simple covalent bonding
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
Carbon (as diamond) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) both have different structures called giant covalent structures.
This is silicon dioxide
(silicon blue, oxygen red)
They link together into a large 3-d lattice structure – a giant covalent lattice
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

9. Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding Questions
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
What two types of bonding can form in a compound?
What do we call an atom that has lost or gained an electron?
Name the force that exists between an atom that has lost an electron and an atom that has gained one.
Draw the electron arrangement of a lithium atom (atomic number 3). Explain what will happen to lithium's electron shell when it reacts.
Draw the electron arrangement for a fluorine atom (atomic number 9). Explain what will happen to fluorine’s electron shell when it reacts.
Draw the structures of the two particles formed when lithium and fluorine react
Water, H2O, has bonds where electrons are shared, not gained or lost. What name do we give to this type of bonding?
Show using a suitable diagram how oxygen bonds with two hydrogen atoms in water.

10. Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding - Answers
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
An element consist of only one type of atom, a compound contains more than one type chemically joined together.
2. What two types of bonding can form in a compound?
Covalent or ionic
3. What do we call an atom that has lost or gained an electron?
An ion
4. Name the force that exists between an atom that has lost an electron and an atom that has gained one.
Electrostatic force
5. Draw the electron arrangement of a lithium atom (atomic number 3). Explain what will happen to Lithium’s electron shell when it reacts.
It will lose one electron from the outer shell

11. Edexcel C2 topic 2 & 3 Structure and bonding - Answers
6. Draw the electron arrangement for a fluorine atom (atomic number 9). Explain what will happen to fluorine’s electron shell when it reacts.
It will gain 1 electron on its outer shell
7. Draw the structures of the two particles formed when lithium and fluorine react
8. Water, H2O, has bonds where electrons are shared, not gained or lost. What name do we give to this type of bonding?
Covalent bonding
9. Show using a suitable diagram how oxygen bonds with two hydrogen atoms in water. O O X

12. Final test DTT Booster Students now complete the final test.
Compare this to what they achieved in the diagnostic test.