1. WW1 and WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

2. Between who?
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Allied or Entente Powers: UK, France, Russia, Italy (first in Central Powers), USA (later)

3. Fronts in the WW I The Western Front (West of Germany)
The Eastern Front (East of Germany)
Northern Italy
Balkans
Ottoman Empire
Colonies

4. WW1 and Ottoman Empire Allied powers and the Ottomans
Germans and Ottomans
Why did the OE want to ally with Central Powers?
Why did Germany want to ally with the OE?
Jihad
1914: Agreement of Alliance with Germany
1914: “Goeben and Breslau”

6. Ottoman Fronts in WWI Gallipoli Caucasus Middle East
Dardanelles
Caucasus
Sarıkamış Defeat
Armenian Question
1917 Bolshevick Revolution
Middle East
Arab Revolt and Lawrence of Arabia
World War 1 Documentary &list=PLZrR6hU7yQaI-K4FlFwLokUFcHbj9Bg- Z&feature=results_video

7. After WW1 Mudros Armistice (30 Oct 1918) :
Ottoman units in occupied areas would surrender
Demobilization and disarmament of the army
Military occuapation of the Straits
Control of all communications and strategic sites are transferred to Entente powers
Article 7: Entente powers are given the rights to occupy territories in case their security is threatened by an internal disorder
Article 24: The Entente powers were given the right to intervene militarily in Armenian provinces when law and order are under threat

9. After WW1 Due to loss of the War CUP members left the Ottoman empire.
Parliament is closed down and Damat Ferit Paşa was appointed as the Grand Vizier.
Issue of western mandate
Defense of Rights Organizations
Greek occupation of Izmir
Kuvay-i Milliye forces

10. Damat Ferit Paşa

11. Mustafa Kemal
Kazım Karabekir

12. Struggle: September 1919-December 1920
Amasya Circular
Erzurum Congress (23 July-7 August 1919)
Representative Committee
Sivas Congress (4-11 September)
National Pact
Formation of Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Organization

13. Struggle: September 1919-December 1920
Vahdettin appointed Ali Rıza Paşa as grand vizier (hope to open up a channel of dialogue with the resistance) – his government decided to hold elections
New Parliament (Last Ottoman Parliament) : 12 Jan 1920 – accepted Misak-ı Milli (National Pact)

14. National Pact
It left the settlement of the status of Arab provinces to the vote of their population. A plebiscite was suggested for Kars, Ardahan and Batum, as well as Western Thrace. The scope of the territory claimed in the pact was defined as areas inhabited by an Ottoman-Muslim majority

15. Struggle: September 1919-December 1920
Felah-ı Vatan group in the Parliament
Formal occupation of Istanbul by allied forces (British)
Formation of Grand Naitonal Assembly in Ankara (23 April 1920)

16. Sevres Treaty (10 August 1920)
An independent Armenia and an autonomous Kurdistan in the east
Aegean islands and Eastern Thrace were given to Greece
Izmir was put under Greek administration, its future to be decided with a plebiscite within 5 years
Italian and French zones were confirmed in accordance with wartime agreements
International control and demilitarization of the Straits
Size of the Ottoman army limited and put under Allied control
All financial matters of the Empire to be decided by an Allied commission
Capitulations to be reinstated

18. Ottoman delegation at Sevres: Rıza Tevfik, Damat Ferit Paşa, Hadi Paşa, Reşid Halis

19. Reaction to Sevres Ankara rejected Sevres Damat Ferit Paşa resigned
Gumru Treaty with Armenia---Ankara’s first agreement (December 1920)
Moscow Treaty with Russians (March 1921)
Ankara Treaty with France (October 1921)

20. Eastern Border

21. Further Legitimization of GNA
Law on Fugitives (Independence Tribunals)
The Law of Fundemantal Organization (Teskilat-I Esasiye Kanunu), January 1921

22. War for Independence 1&2 İnönü Battles Sakarya (August-September 1921)
Dumlupınar-Büyük Taarruz
Mudanya Armistice (October 1922)
Domestic Power Struggles
Defence of the Rights Group vs Second Group

23. Lausanne Negotiations
Peace Talks in Laussanne
Calling of Porte and GNA
Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate (1 November 1922)
November 1922
Issues:
Status of non-muslims
Privileges of foreign merchants
Reassignment of Ottoman Debt
Determination of the boundaries
Second Group and its criticism in the parliament and new elections

24. Vahidettin and Abdulmecid

25. The Turkish Delegation

26. Lausanne Treaty Turkey as a sovereign geo-political entity
Twice the size of the territory envisaged in Sevres three years earlier
Mosul remained a contested region
Capitulations were abolished
Turkey assumed the bulk of the Ottoman debt to European states
Demilitarization of the Straits and Dardanelles and International Commission
Status of non-muslims protected by the League of Nations
Population exchange , Islamization of Anatolia completed