1. Port Workers

2. Construction of New Port Facilities
The growth in commerce and domination of steamships in sea transportation placed severe strains on existing Ottoman port facilities.
Foreign companies constructed larger and more efficient port facilities in the four leading Ottoman ports: Salonica, Izmir, Beirut and Istanbul.
New facilities at the ports vastly improved the flow of commerce.

3. Threats and Struggles
In the late-19th century, the activities of foreign-owned port companies gravely threatened many Ottoman workers employed in the port zones.
Construction of new dock sites, quays and warehouses, and the employment practices of the port companies gave rise to bitter struggles in the port sites.
Turning Point: October 1908_Boycott against Austrian Goods

4. Turco-Greek War of
In 1920, the government of the sultan signed the treaty of Sevres, which severed the connections between Turkish and non-Turkish regions of the Ottoman Empire. It also divided western Anatolia among Greece, Italy and France. While all three states sent armies of occupation to affirm their claims, Greek ambitions in Anatolia were particularly expansive.
In a costly war that lasted two years, Turkish troops forced foreign troops from Anatolia.

6. Lausanne Treaty
Following bloody encounter of Turkish and Greek armies in Anatolia, both sides were summoned by the Allied states, namely Great Britain, France and Italy, to an international peace conference at Lausanne on November 13, The conference, which opened on November 20, 1922, lasted with disruptions until the middle of the following year.
In the course of negotiations, the parties signed a convention in January 1923 which stipulated the exchange of Muslims of Greek nationality established in Greece (excluding the Muslim populations of Western Thrace) for the Greek Orthodox of Turkish nationality established in Turkey (excluding the Greeks of Constantinople).

7. Demographic Movements
The Lausanne Treaty ended the long history of territorial adjustments and large-scale demographic movements in the region.
Where Greece was concerned, the decade of 1912 to 1922 brought about its territorial and demographic expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.
With the shrinking borders of the Ottoman Empire since the late 19th century there had been a continuous outpouring of refugees from former territories in the Balkans.

8. Exchange
After the ratification of the Lausanne Treaty, Greece received 192,356 more refugees from Anatolia from the summer of 1923 to the end of 1924.
In the same period more than 550,000 Muslim refugees were transported from Greek ports to Anatolia.
To summarize, nearly one year after the conclusion of Lausanne meetings approximately 700,000 people were removed by the virtue of Exchange Convention from their native soil and made refugees.

9. Who were to be included?
In line with its first article, the convention came to be implemented strictly on the basis of religion
This situation took its toll on two groups of people. The first group of people included those who were ethnically the same stock but different from the majority in terms of culture, language and history (example: Karamanlides in Cappadocia).
The second group consisted of people who were ethnically distinct but religiously associated with the target groups. Among them were Albanians in Greece, and Orthodox Arabs, Armenians and Assyrians in Turkey.