1. The Rise of Mass Democracy in the Age of Jackson
Mr. Walters Chapter 13

2. Champion of the “Common Man”?
Essential Question:
Champion of the “Common Man”?
“King” Andrew? OR

3. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

4. Voter Turnout:

5. Why Increased Democratization?
White male suffrage increased
Party nominating committees vs. old appt. system
Spoils system, less corruption and turnover.
Rise of Third Parties - more specific interests
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)
Democrats (1828)

6. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay [KY]
John Quincy Adams [MA]
John C. Calhoun [SC]

7. Results of the 1824 Election
A “Corrupt Bargain?”

8. Opposition to John Quincy Adams
Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.
Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds.
Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.
A national university.
An astronomical observatory.
A naval academy.
Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

9. Tariff Battles Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles.
Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports.
Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].
Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.
The South alone was adamantly against it.
As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.
They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

10. Land & Indian Policies John Quincy Adams:
His land policies gave westerners another reason to dislike him.
He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!
He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.
1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.
The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.
Congress sided with the governor of GA.

11. The 1828 Election
Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY
He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:
Northern farmers and artisans.
Southern slave owners.
Farmers with small land holdings.
He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:
Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units.
Mass meetings, parades, picnics.
A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.

12. Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree

13. 1828 Election Results

14. The New “Jackson Coalition”
The Planter Elite in the South
People on the Frontier -West
Artisans [competition from factory labor].
State Politicians  spoils system
To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY]
Immigrants in the cities.

15. Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his Supporters

16. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man”
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

17. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

18. Tariff of Abominations
Jackson pushes forth the Tariff of 1828
Helps Northern industry
Southerners take exception
SC proposes/threatens Nullification
VP Calhoun (SC) chooses his side . . .

19. Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”

20. 1832 Tariff Conflict 1832 --> new tariff –Don’t mess with Jackson!
South Carolina’s reaction?
Jackson’s response?
Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff
-Who won?

21. Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth (1834)

22. Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830  Indian Removal Act
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation”
Worcester v. GA (1832)
Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

23. Indian Removal

24. Trail of Tears ( )

25. The National Bank Debate
President Jackson
Nicholas Biddle [an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia]

26. Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
“Soft” (paper) $
“Hard” (specie) $
state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely.
supported rapid economic growth & speculation.
felt that coin was the only safe currency.
didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes.
suspicious of expansion & speculation.

27. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
“Pet Banks”
1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States.
1836  the charter expired.
1841  the bank went bankrupt!

28. The Bank & the 1832 Election
Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!
Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.
Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.
The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!
Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.
BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!

29. Positions on the Key Issues of 1832
WHIGS
DEMOCRATS
Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor.
Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos.
Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical.
Opposes Indian removal.
Favored tariffs.
Supported a National Bank.
Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming.
Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets.
Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper.
For Indian removal.
Oppose tariffs.
States’ rights.
Oppose federal support for internal improvements.
Opposed the National Bank.
Compare to today

30. 1832 Election Results

31. An 1832 Cartoon:
“King Andrew”?

32. The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren

33. The Specie Circular (1836)
Speculators created “wildcat banks” that fueled the runaway inflation.
So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.
This move shocked the system.
Jackson’s goal  to curb the land speculation.

34. Results of the Specie Circular
Banknotes loose their value.
Land sales plummeted.
Credit not available.
Businesses began to fail.
Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!

35. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death)