1. Lesson 2A - Growth and Development
INTRODUCTION Science Science II: Earth & Life Sciences I Mr. Kishore Lal
Living Things
Lesson 2A - Growth and Development

2. Human Stages of Growth Human Stages of Growth Infancy -
birth to 18 months
bones are soft and flexible
Fast mental and physical development
Early Childhood -
18 months - 3 years
Arms and legs get longer
Late Childhood
6 to 12 years
begin to loose milk teeth
Sexual maturity begins
Higher level thinking skills acquired

3. Human Stages of Growth Human Stages of Growth Adolescence
years
Rapid physical growth
Body begins to take on adult look
Adulthood
> 18 years
As age increases senses weaken, bones loose calcium and joints and muscles weaken

4. Human Stages of Growth Stage Time Growth Gestation
40 weeks before birth
Very fast
Infancy
Birth to
2 years
Fast
Childhood
3-10 years
Steady growth and mental development
Adolescence
11-17 years
Growth spurt, puberty, mental development
Adulthood
18-60 years
Peak health and fitness but no increase in height
Old age
60 years to death
Some tissue degeneration

5. Rat - Stages of Growth
Viral infectious disease is transmitted through the saliva and urine of rats. Bubonic plague, also called “Black Plague,” is a historically dangerous rat-borne disease.
Transfer occurs when fleas, transported on rats, bite human beings.
During the Middle Ages it which killed millions.
Rat infestations are harmful to human health and also typhus and hantavirus.
Rat droppings, dander and hair can cause people to sneeze and experience other allergic reactions.
Diseases transmitted by rats can be from direct exposure to rat-infected feces, urine or bites and indirectly transmitted to people by an intermediate vector such as fleas, ticks or mites.

6. House fly - Stages of Growth
House flies are carriers of easily communicable diseases. House flies carry diseases on their legs and the small hairs that cover their bodies as they collect pathogens on their legs and mouths when females lay eggs on decomposing organic matter such as feces, garbage and rotting corpses.
These pathogens are transferred to food or surface on which they land.
Mature house flies also use saliva to liquefy solid food before feeding on it and transfer pathogens.
Diseases carried by house flies include typhoid, cholera and dysentery. Other diseases carried by house flies may include salmonella, anthrax and tuberculosis.

7. House fly - Stages of Growth
House flies have also been known to transmit the eggs of parasitic worms.
Food for human consumption must be stored or displayed in such a way as to prevent flies from touching it.
The numbers of houseflies should be kept as low as possible by removing decaying organic detritus in which they breed.
Eradication of breeding areas is essential for good House Fly control.
Even though there are various traps and sprays used to kill flies, it is crucial to destroy the source in order to eradicate them, therefore, sanitation is the first level of defense.

8. Mosquito - Stages of Growth
Serious diseases in human populations are carried by vectors - organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another.
Mosquitoes can carry many viral diseases, such as dengue fever, West Nile virus, Yellow fever and Zika.
Dengue is transmitted mainly by Aedes species in the tropics.
Chikungunya and Zika are viral diseases that are also spread by mosquitoes which also transmit dengue virus.
Climate change, international trade and travel influence the distribution of vector-borne diseases.

9. Mosquito - Stages of Growth
When outdoors in mosquito-infested areas avoid mosquito bites by dressing properly and/or using insect repellents; wear long pants, shoes, socks and long sleeves, and apply insect repellents to exposed areas of skin.
Home doors and windows should be screened to prevent entry of mosquitoes.
Elimination of larval habitats around your home and on neighboring properties is the most effective way to reduce the number of mosquitoes around a home.
Remove or routinely clean water-containing items such as buckets or bird baths.
Communities or health authorities may establish mosquito surveillance and control programs to reduce mosquito populations by spraying insecticides, treating drains and puddles with larvicides, and draining stagnant water from ditches.

10. Cockroach- Stages of Growth
The cockroach lifecycle essentially has three developmental stages. 
These stages are egg, nymph, and adult.
The nymphs goes through several stages of molting, where their body are white and quite soft. 
Each time the molting process is completed the cockroach will get larger, change in color, and look more like an adult cockroach. 
Cockroaches will eat almost anything (omnivores): left-over human food, paper, wood, leather, cigarette butts, tooth paste, coffee grinds, glue, soap, feces, fabric, shoes, paint, the glue on the back of wallpaper, human hair, fingernails, etc.

11. Cockroach- Stages of Growth
They can spread disease, contaminate our food and cause allergies and even asthma.
Cockroaches can pick up germs on their legs and bodies as they crawl through decaying matter or sewage and then transfer these germs to food or onto food surfaces.
They can carry the organisms causing diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, leprosy, plague, typhoid fever and viral diseases such as poliomyelitis.
Cockroach populations can be reduced by removing all food and unnecessary water sources, sealing all cracks and crevices and sanitary disposal of garbage.

12. END