1. Sherfield and Moody Cornerstones
Topic: Learn

2. What is Learning? A cognitive mental action
Can be conscious and/or unconscious
Can be formal or informal

3. Historical Learning Theories
Socratic method (Socrates):
Learning by dialogue
Dialectic method (Plato):
Learning by asking questions
Active learning (Lao-Tse):
Experience-based learning
Case study (Confucius):
Storytelling and discussion

4. Historical Learning Theories (cont’d.)
Sensory learning (Locke):
Our five senses fill our “blank slate”
Learning styles (Rousseau):
Learning should follow our basic instincts, feelings
Behaviorism (Watson):
Learning through conditioned response
Holistic learning (Piaget):
Learning through experiencing a variety of stimuli
Mastery learning (Bloom):
Transforming information to new, complex ideas

5. The Learning Process Motivation to learn the material
Understanding the material
Internalize the material
Apply the material
Evaluate the material
Use the material to grow and change

6. Three Ways to Determine How You Learn
What are your dominant intelligences?
What is your learning style?
What is your personality type?

7. Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Professor Howard Gardner (1983)
Eight intelligences everyone possesses
Not equal to traditional I.Q. measurement
Dominant intelligences are more well-developed
Other intelligences less-developed

8. Eight Areas of Intelligence
Visual/spatial – “picture smart”
Verbal/linguistic – “word smart”
Musical/rhythmic – “music smart”
Logical/mathematical – “number smart”
Body/kinesthetic – “body smart”
Interpersonal – “people smart”
Intrapersonal – “self smart”
Naturalistic – “environment smart”

9. Learning Styles Theory
How do you best process information?
Three styles:
Visual – “eye smart”
Auditory – “ear smart”
Tactile/kinestetic – “action smart”

10. Keeping it all Straight
Learning style = how you best process information
Learning strategy = how you choose to study
Dominant intelligence = well-developed aspect of intelligence
Personality type = your preferences and patterns

11. Personality Typing
Carl Jung (1921) and Isabell Briggs-Myers and Kathernine Briggs (1942)
Human behavior is not random and patterns are caused by individual motivation and energies
Four major categories of personality

12. How Do You Draw Your Energy?
Extroverts (E)– draw strength others and prefer to live in the outside world. Outgoing and love interaction and being the center of attention
Introverts (I) – draw strength from their inner world. Need alone time to energize. Often quiet and reflective. Make decisions by themselves and are private

13. How Do You Best Learn Information?
Sensers (S) – gather information through five senses. Like concrete facts and details. Have common sense. Focused on “what is”
Intuitives (N) – not as detail-oriented. Rely on gut feelings. Innovative and see possibilities. Focused on “what could be”

14. How Do You Make Decisions?
Thinkers (T) – logical people. Analytical and do not make decisions based on emotion. Can sometimes be seen as insensitive and lacking compassion. Make decisions with head v. heart
Feelers (F) – like harmony and consider others’ opinions and feelings. Usually tactful and warm. Make decisions with heart v. head

15. How Do You Prefer to Live Your Life?
Judgers (J) – orderly people who prefer structure in their lives. Good at setting goals and sticking to them. Work before play.
Perceivers (P) – less structured and more spontaneous. Overextend themselves and do not like timelines. Play before work.

16. Sixteen Personality Types
ISTJ – “the dutiful”
ISFJ – “the nurturer”
INFJ – “the protector”
INTJ – “the scientist”
ISTP – “the mechanic”
ISFP – “the artist”
INFP – “the idealist”
INTP – “the thinker”
ESTP – “the thinker”
ESFP – “the performer”
ENFP – “The inspirer”
ENTP – “the visionary”
ESTJ – “the guardian”
ESFJ – “the caregiver”
ENFJ – “the giver”
ENTJ – “the executive”

17. Topic Reflections
Get involved in a variety of learning and social situations
Use your less dominant areas in order to strengthen them
Read more about personality typing and learning styles
Surround yourself with others who learn differently than you
Try new ways of learning and studying
Remember that inventories do not measure your worth as an individual or student