1. Chapter Five
Stress
Management

2. Chapter Five Outline Foundations of Stress
A Model of Occupational Stress
Important Stressors and Stress Outcomes
Stressful Life Events
Burnout
Moderators of Occupational Stress
Social Support
Coping
Hardiness
Type A Behaviour Pattern

3. Chapter Five Outline (cont’d)
Stress Reduction Techniques
Muscle Relaxation
Time Management
Meditation
Cognitive Restructuring
A Holistic Wellness Model

4. A Model of Occupational Stress
Stressors
Outcomes
Individual level
Group level
Organizational
level
Extra-
organizational
Psychological/
Attitudinal
Behavioural
Cognitive
Physical Health
Stress
Individual
Differences

5. Stressors Individual Level Stressors Job demands Group Level
Role conflict
Role ambiguity
Perceived environmental control
Relations with supervisor
Work overload, underload, and monotony
Group Level
Managerial behaviour
Lack of cohesiveness
Intergroup conflict
Status incongruence

6. Stressors (cont’d) Organizational Level Extra-organizational Culture
Structure
Technology
Introduction of changes in work conditions
Extra-organizational
Family
Economy
Commuting time
Noise, heat, crowding, and air pollution

7. Individual Differences
Heredity
Age
Self-efficacy
Sex
Diet
Social support
Coping
Personality traits
Occupation
Perceived environmental control

8. Outcomes Psychological/Attitudinal Job satisfaction Behavioural
Organizational commitment
Job involvement
Self-esteem
Burnout
Emotions
Depression
Behavioural
Absenteeism
Turnover
Performance
Accidents
Substance abuse

9. Outcomes (cont’d) Cognitive Physical Health Poor decision making
Lack of concentration
Forgetfulness
Physical Health
Cardiovascular system
Immune system
Musculoskeletal system
Gastrointestinal system

10. Personal Accomplishment
A Model of Burnout
Personal Stressors
Job and Occupational
Stressors
Emotional Exhaustion
Attitudinal and
Behavioural
Symptoms
Depersonalization
Feeling a Lack of
Personal Accomplishment

11. Burnout Emotional Exhaustion ->caused by: -overwork -role conflict
-emotionally charged interpersonal interactions
Depersonalization
->psychologically withdrawing from one’s job
Feeling a Lack of Personal Accomplishment
->feeling:
-underappreciated
-ineffective
-inadequate

12. Social Support
Social support is the amount of helpfulness derived from social relationships
Esteem support: being accepted and respected
Informational support: help in defining, understanding, and coping with problems
Social companionship: leisure and recreational activities
Instrumental support: financial aid, material resources, services

13. A Model of the Coping Process
Situational
Factors
Cognitive
Appraisal of
Stressor
Coping
Strategies
Control
Escape
Symptom
Management
Personal
Factors
Harmful?
Threatening?
Challenging?

14. Hardiness
Hardiness is a personality characteristic that neutralizes stress. It involves three aspects of personality:
1. Commitment to the work
2. Control (internal locus)
3. Challenge seen as an opportunity for growth and development

15. Type A Behaviour Pattern
The Type A behaviour pattern describes those who are aggressively involved in a chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time
Type A individuals show more cardiovascular activity than others when they encounter:
receipt of feedback
receipt of verbal harassment of criticism
tasks requiring mental as opposed to physical work

16. Stress Reduction Techniques
Technique Description Assessment
Muscle Uses slow deep Inexpensive and easy to use;
Relaxation breathing and easy to use; may require a systematic tension trained professional to reduction to reduce implement stress
Time A variety of techniques Can be learned through
Management are used to manage inexpensive time
time more effectively management seminars or
and efficiently books. Can be difficult to
implement initially without
coaching

17. Stress Reduction Techniques (cont’d)
Technique Description Assessment
Meditation The relaxation response is Least expensive, activated by redirecting one’s simple to implement thoughts away from oneself; and can be practiced a four-step procedure is used almost anywhere
Cognitive Irrational or maladaptive Expensive because
Restructuring thoughts are identified and it requires a trained replaced with those that are psychologist or
rational or logical counselor

18. Stress Reduction Techniques (cont’d)
Technique Description Assessment
Holistic A broad, interdisciplinary Involves inexpensive
Wellness approach that goes beyond but often stress reduction by behaviourally advocating that people difficult lifestyle strive for personal wellness changes in all aspects of their lives