1. Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945-Present
The United States and the Soviet Union vie for superiority, and both countries extend their control over other nations.

2. The Red Guards: China’s Teenage Police Force
Between 1966 and 1976, students in China’s Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.

3. Red Guards holding Mao’s “Little Red Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.

4. Cold War Timeline,

5. 33.1 Cold War: Superpowers Face Off
The opposing economic and political philosophies of the United States and the Soviet Union lead to global competition.

6. Allies Become Enemies Yalta Conference: A Postwar Plan #1
In February 1945, British, American, and Soviet leaders meet at Yalta
They agree to divide Germany into zones of occupation when WWII ends
Soviet leader Stalin agrees to allow free elections in Eastern Europe

8. Allies Become Enemies Creation of the United Nations #2
June 1945, 50 nations form the United Nations—an international organization
All members are represented in the General Assembly; 11 nations are on the Security Council
Five permanent members have Security Council veto power

9. Allies Become Enemies Differing U.S. and Soviet Goals
U.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII ends
U.S. is world’s richest and most powerful country after WWII
Soviets recovering from high war casualties and had many destroyed cities

10. Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain
Soviets Build a Buffer #3
Soviets control Eastern European countries after World War II
Stalin installs Communist governments in several countries
Truman urges free elections; Stalin refuses to allow free elections
In 1946, Stalin says capitalism and communism cannot co-exist

11. Communism The state is supreme. Ruled by dictators
Seeks a “classless society”
Denies individual rights.
Made up of urban working lower classes (Russia) and peasants (China).
Allows only one-party rule.
Replaces religion with some kind of competing belief system (atheism—in the case of the communists)

12. Capitalism
an economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

14. Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain
An Iron Curtain Divides East and West #4
Germany is divided; East Germany is Communist, West Germany democratic
Iron Curtain—Winston Churchill’s name for the division of Europe

16. Churchill, Truman, and Stalin at the Potsdam Conference

17. Fence along the East/West Border in Germany

18. The nations on the eastern side of the “Iron Curtain” were known as the Eastern Bloc

19. Preserved section of the border between East Germany and West Germany called the "Little Berlin Wall" at Mödlareuth

20. United States Tries to Contain Soviets
Containment #5
Containment—U.S. plan to stop the spread of communism
The Truman Doctrine #6
Truman Doctrine—U.S. supports countries that reject communism
Congress approves Truman’s request for aid to Greece and Turkey

21. United States Tries to Contain Soviets
The Marshall Plan #7
Much of Western Europe lay in ruins after World War II
Marshall Plan—U.S. program of assisting Western European countries after WW II
Congress approves plan after Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia

23. United States Tries to Contain Soviets
The Berlin Airlift #8
In 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forces from West Germany
Their former occupation zones form one country
Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into West Berlin
West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faces starvation
U.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the blockade ends

24. Divisions of Berlin

25. Routes of Berlin Airlift

27. The Cold War Divides the World
#9 Cold-War—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using all means , EXCEPT war
Superpowers Form Rival Alliances #10
In 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countries form NATO
NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a defensive military alliance
#11 In 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign the Warsaw Pact alliance
In 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin

28. NATO
Warsaw Pact
and
Non-aligned nations

29. Warsaw Pact Nations
Note: Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia is forced out of the Warsaw Pact in 1948

31. The Cold War Divides the World
The Threat of Nuclear War #12
Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in 1949
U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more powerful hydrogen bomb
Brinkmanship—policy of willingness to go to the edge of war
Increasing tensions lead to military buildup by U.S. and the Soviets

32. The Cold War Divides the World
The Cold War in the Skies #13
In 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first unmanned satellite. THE SPACE RACE BEGINS!
In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy plane (a U-2), increasing tensions

34. A replica of Sputnik 1

35. U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down over the U.S.S.R.

36. Francis Gary Powers with a model of a U-2 spy plane.

37. Wreckage of Gary Powers’ U-2

38. 33.2 Communists Take Power in China
After World War II, Chinese Communists defeat Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerge.

39. Communists vs. Nationalists
World War II in China
Mao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists against Japanese invaders
Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)—leads of Chinese Nationalists in World War II
Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume civil war after WWII ends

40. Communists vs. Nationalists
Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)
Mao Zedong

42. Communists vs. Nationalists
Civil War Resumes
Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiers to desert to Communists
Mao’s troops take control of China’s major cities
In 1949, People’s Republic of China is created
Nationalists flee to Taiwan

43. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War
The Superpowers React
U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of China
Soviets and China agree to help each other in event of attack
U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in China

44. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War
China Expands under the Communists
China takes control of Tibet and southern Mongolia
India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt against Chinese
China and India clash over border; fighting stops but tensions remain

45. The Communists Transform China
Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven”
Chinese Communists organize national government and Communist Party
Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism
Mao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasants
Government seizes private companies and plans production increase

46. The Communists Transform China
The Great Leap Forward
Communes—large collective farms often supporting over 25,000 people
Program is ended after inefficiency leads to crop failures and famines

48. The Communists Transform China
New Policies and Mao’s Response
China and Soviet Union clash over leadership of communist movement
Strict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao reduces his role in government
Red Guards—militia units formed to enforce strict communism in China

49. The Communists Transform China
The Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution—movement to build society of peasants and workers
Red Guards—groups of violent and radical youth—close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals
In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.”
However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976.

50. Gang of Four
After Mao’s death, the Gang of Four—the radical group that controlled the power organs of the Chinese Communist Party throughout the Cultural Revolution—is arrested and judged responsible for the excesses and chaos that occurred in China as a result of this revolution.

51. Life and Death in Shanghai by Nien Cheng
Born in Beijing, Cheng became a target of attack by Red Guards in 1966 due to her management of a foreign firm in Shanghai, Shell. Maoist revolutionaries used this fact to claim that Cheng was a British spy in order to strike at Communist Party moderates for allowing the firm to operate in China after Her book documents her amazing courage and fortitude that enabled her to survive her 6 ½ year imprisonment.

52. 33.3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam
In Asia, the Cold War flares into actual wars supported mainly by the superpowers.

53. War in Korea A Divided Land
38th parallel—line dividing Korea into North Korea and South Korea

55. War in Korea Standoff at the 38th Parallel
In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with Soviet support
South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations send troops
Douglas MacArthur—leads UN forces against North Koreans
North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when MacArthur attacks
Half of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreat

56. War in Korea The Fighting Continues
UN troops push North Koreans almost to Chinese border
Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN forces and capture Seoul
MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is removed from command
In 1953, cease fire signed and border established at 38th parallel

57. War in Korea Aftermath of the War
North Korea builds collective farms, heavy industry, nuclear weapons
South Korea establishes democracy, growing economy with U.S. aid

58. War Breaks Out in Vietnam
The Road to War
Ho Chi Minh—Vietnamese nationalist, later Communist leader
The Fighting Begins
In 1954, French surrender to Vietnamese after major defeat
Domino theory—U.S. theory of Communist expansion in Southeast Asia
Ho Chi Minh

59. The War in Vietnam,
Note the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia

60. War Breaks Out in Vietnam
Vietnam—A Divided Country
International peace conference agrees on a divided Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem—leads anti-Communist government in South Vietnam
Vietcong—South Vietnamese Communist guerillas fighting against Diem
Ngo Dinh Diem

61. Ngo Dinh Diem ( ), President of South Vietnam , with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, Direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S. took over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration began by supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors and increased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. had fewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup in 1963.

62. Lyndon B. Johnson, the President of the United States from 1963 to 1970, makes a public statement on the Tonkin Gulf incident, August 4, When North Vietnam was said to have attacked two U.S. destroyers, Congress hastily passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, giving the president blanket authority to take necessary actions to protect U.S. forces.
Subsequently, there have been serious questions as to what actually occurred in the Tonkin Gulf, but with vastly increased U.S. expenditures, the war quickly escalated; by 1969 the U.S. forces totaled almost 550,000 individuals. There was much opposition to the war in the Congress and among the U.S. people, and Johnson's very considerable domestic policy achievements were overshadowed by the criticism of his war policy.

63. General William C. Westmoreland, McGeorge Bundy and General Kanh of South Vietnam, photographed at Camp Holloway, South Vietnam, in February Gen. Westmoreland commanded the U.S. troops in Vietnam ; Bundy was special assistant for national security to President Johnson from 1961 to 1966, and a key supporter of the Vietnam war.

64. The United States Gets Involved
U.S. Troops Enter the Fight
In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly unpopular government
Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, China, and Soviet Union

65. The United States Gets Involved
The United States Withdraws
War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969, Nixon starts withdrawing troops
Vietnamization—Nixon’s plan to withdraw U.S. from war gradually
Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam overrun in 1975

66. Nixon appeared on television January 23, 1973, to announce the ceasefire. The agreement ended nearly 12 years of warfare in which 58,000 Americans had lost their lives. It did not contain an enforceable plan for the peaceable settlement of Vietnam's internal problems; within a year, fighting there had resumed. Eventually, the South Vietnamese government of Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebels and North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished to intervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powers Act'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from acting without its consent - a consent that Congress would have been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975.

67. Postwar Southeast Asia
Cambodia in Turmoil
Khmer Rouge—Communist rebels who take control of Cambodia in 1975
They slaughter 2 million people; overthrown by Vietnamese invaders
In 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds elections with UN help
Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian Communist Party, literally “Red Khmers”) in 1977 at the height of his power

68. Postwar Southeast Asia
The Killing Fields were a number of sites in Cambodia where large numbers of people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Vietnam War.

69. Postwar Southeast Asia
At least 200,000 people were executed by the Khmer Rouge (while estimates of the total number of deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, range from 1.4 to 2.2 million out of a population of around 7 million).
A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of the victims.

70. Choung Ek Killing Field: The bones of young children who were killed by Khmer Rouge soldiers.

71. Mass grave in Choeung Ek.

72. History in Film: The Killing Fields (1984)
The Killing Fields is a 1984 British drama film about the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, which is based on the experiences of three journalists:
Cambodian Dith Pran
American Sydney Schanberg
British Jon Swain.
The film won three Academy Awards, including
Best Supporting Actor for Haing S. Ngor as Dith Pran.
Sam Waterston from Law and Order stars in the film as Sydney Schanberg

73. Postwar Southeast Asia
Vietnam after the War
Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam united as Communist nation
About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some settling in the U.S. and Canada
In 1995, United States normalizes relations with Vietnam

74. 33.4 The Cold War Divides the World
The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts

75. Fighting for the Third World
More Than One “World”
Third World—developing nations; often newly independent, nonaligned
Cold War Strategies
U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for influence over the Third World
They back revolutions and give economic , military and technical aid

76. Fighting for the Third World
Association of Nonaligned Nations
Many countries, like India, want to avoid involvement in the Cold War
In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African leaders who want neutrality
Nonaligned nations—independent countries not involved in the Cold War

77. Confrontations in Latin America
Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
Fidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against dictator supported by the U.S.
By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy, takes U.S. property
In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs

78. Fidel Castro

79. Confrontations in Latin America
Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba
Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not to invade Cuba
Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet support

80. Confrontations in Latin America
Civil War in Nicaragua
Anastasio Somoza Debayle—Nicaraguan dictator supported by the U.S.
Daniel Ortega—leads Sandinista rebels who take power in Nicaragua
U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support Sandinistas
Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El Salvador
U.S. helps anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua to assist El Salvador
In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections, Sandinistas lose

81. Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U. S
Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported president of Nicaragua from )
Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986

82. Confrontations in the Middle East
Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
Shah Reza Pahlavi embraces Western governments and oil companies
Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize British oil company
U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment
Shah Reza Pahlavi

83. Confrontations in the Middle East
The United States Supports Secular Rule
Shah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S. support
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini—Iranian Muslim leader; lives in exile
In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran, Shah flees

84. Confrontations in the Middle East
Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies
Islamic revolutionaries hold American hostages in Tehran ( ) for 444 days
Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq
Saddam Hussein, fearing the spread of the Iranian Revolution into Iraq, attacks Iran.
Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help Iraq

85. Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.

86. Confrontations in the Middle East
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
Soviets invade Afghanistan to help Communist government against rebels
Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weapons
U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union
Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989

87. 33.5 The Cold War Thaws
The Cold War begins to thaw as the superpowers enter an era of uneasy diplomacy

88. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
Destalinization and Rumblings of Protest
Nikita Khrushchev—leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies (1953)
Khrushchev condemns Stalin; Soviets and West can peacefully compete
Citizens of Soviet-controlled governments begin protesting communism
Khrushchev sends Soviet military to put down Hungarian protesters.

89. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
The Revolt in Czechoslovakia
Leonid Brezhnev—Soviet leader after Khrushchev—represses dissent
In 1968, Warsaw Pact troops block reforms in Czechoslovakia

90. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
The Soviet-Chinese Split
In 1950, Mao and Stalin sign friendship treaty, but tensions grow
Chinese and Soviets each want to lead world communism
Khrushchev ends economic aid and refuses to share nuclear secrets
Soviets and Chinese fight small skirmishes across border

91. From Brinkmanship to Détente
Brinkmanship Breaks Down
Brinkmanship cause repeated crises; nuclear war a constant threat
John F. Kennedy—U.S. president during the Cuban Missile Crisis
Lyndon Johnson—president who increases U.S. involvement in Vietnam

92. From Brinkmanship to Détente
The United States Turns to Détente
Vietnam-era turmoil fuels desire for less confrontational policy
Détente—policy of reducing Cold War tensions to avoid conflict
Richard M. Nixon—U.S. president who launches détente
Détente grows out of philosophy known as realpolitik—”realistic politics”—recognizes need to be practical and flexible

93. From Brinkmanship to Détente
Nixon Visits Communist Powers
Nixon visits Communist China and Soviet Union, signs SALT I Treaty
SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—limits nuclear weapons

94. Nixon visiting China

95. The Collapse of Détente
Policy Changes
Nixon and Gerald Ford improve relations with Soviets and China
Jimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet policies but signs SALT II
Congress will not ratify SALT II due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

96. The Collapse of Détente
Reagan Takes an Anti-Communist Stance
Ronald Reagan—anti-Communist U.S. president takes office in 1981
Reagan increases military spending and proposes a missile defense program
In 1985, new Soviet leadership allows easing of Cold War tensions

97. President Ronald Reagan at desk. George H. W
President Ronald Reagan at desk. George H.W. Bush behind him along with several advisors.