1. Lymphatic–venous anastomosis in secondary lymphedema
Lymphatic–venous anastomosis in secondary lymphedema. (A) Long-term outcomes of arm lymphedema caused by breast cancer treatment managed by microsurgical lymphatic–venous derivative procedure (B) and leg lymphedema after cancer treatment treated with lymphatic–venous multiple anastomoses at the groin (arrow). (C) Upper limb lymphoscintigrams in secondary left arm lymphedema before and 12 months after microsurgical derivative lymphatic–venous anastomoses. Note the appearance of preferential lymphatic pathways and the absence of dermal back flow seen in the right panel after operative treatment. (D) Lymphoscintigraphy performed before and after microsurgery in another patient with secondary right upper limb lymphedema treated by microsurgical lymphatic–venous anastomoses. Note the lymphatic flow to nodes (arrow) on the right side after surgery.
Source: Lymphatic Surgery and Surgery of Lymphatic Disorders, Venous and Lymphatic Diseases
Citation: Dieter RS, Dieter RA, Jr., Dieter RA, III. Venous and Lymphatic Diseases; 2016 Available at: Accessed: October 21, 2017
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