1. The Blood 10
Lesson 10.1: The Function and Composition of the Blood Lesson 10.2: Blood Types Lesson 10.3: Blood Disorders and Diseases

2. The Function and Composition of Blood
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.1
The Function and Composition of Blood

3. The Function and Composition of Blood
the function of blood
the formed elements
physical properties of blood
Plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

4. Functions of the Blood

5. Physical Properties of Blood
blood volume
4–5 liters of blood
8% of body weight
Higher volume in athletes
values
Salty- NaCl of almost 1%
pH , temp 100.4
5X the thickness of water
The thicker the blood gets (low temperature, elevated HCT, high altitude), the harder the heart has to work
What about people on blood thinners?
color
bright red from artery
dull red from vein

6. Manufacturing Blood Cells
hematopoiesis
making new blood cells
stem cells make blood cells in
red bone marrow
majority
lymphatic tissue

7. Plasma liquid portion of blood Pale yellow 90% water
8% plasma proteins
Fibrinogen, Albumin, Globulin
Transport of fats and FS vitamins, BP, blood volume and clotting
2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, waste products
Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca regulate electrolytes
Bicarbonate, Phosphate and Sulfate buffers regulate pH
It is all dynamic and controlled by negative feedback mechanisms!

8. The Formed Elements- 45% solid portion of blood red blood cells
carry oxygen
white blood cells
immune response
platelets
Clot
Centrifugation shows these elements clearly!
3 layers- plasma, white cells/platelets (buffy coat), and RBCs
How we measure hematocrit (RBC as a % of total volume)
Should be 45% in men, 40% in women
Rises with dehydration or plasma loss
High altitude raises HCT to 60-65% ( as a result of less o2)
Blood doping

9. The Composition of Blood

10. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Shape, size and number
disk-shaped
Central pallor from cellular collapse as it ejects the nucleus
Larger binding area for O2 and CO2
Increases flexibility to allow maneuvering room
Cell only lives 120 days, and since it has no nucleus it can’t replicate….. Why is this good?
7–8 micrometers in diameter
4-6 million per cubic mm
Hemoglobin ( a globin protein and an Iron molecule- heme)
binds with oxygen
4 binding sites per Hb
Each RBC has 250 million Hb molecules
12-16g/dL in men, g/dL in women

11. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
erythropoiesis
the process of making red blood cells
Regulated by kidneys
Erythropoietin in response to low o2
Also need Iron, folic acid, b12 and protein to make RBCs
recycling
red blood cells live 120 days
phagocytosis–RBCs recycled if they wear out too soon
hemolysis–RBCs broken open at the end of 120 days ( kill switch)
Broken into globin and heme
Globin becomes amino acids and rebuilds
Heme becomes iron and bilirubin ( bile)

12. Characteristics of White Blood Cells
granulocytes
neutrophils
perform phagocytosis
kill bacteria and fungi
first responders
Most abundant
eosinophils
Small numbers
destroy parasitic worms
control allergic responses/inflammatory processes
Basophils
Fewest
Produces heparin
Allergic reactions and asthma
release histamine
bring more WBCs

13. Characteristics of White Blood Cells
agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
20% B cells produce antibodies
80% T cells and NK cells fight cancerous tumors and viruses
monocytes
perform phagocytosis
live longer than neutrophils
morph into macrophages and remove dead cell debris and attack microorganisms

14. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
hemostasis
stops bleeding
steps of hemostasis
vessel wall injury and constriction
platelet aggregation
platelet plug formation and coagulation
blood clot formation and retraction

15. The Process of Hemostasis

16. Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.2
Blood Types

17. Blood Types blood types the Rh classification system
complete blood count

18. Blood Types A, B, AB, and O antigens and antibodies
on surface of RBC
identify self and non-self
antibody
in blood plasma
mark foreign cells
There is some tie to ethnicity vs blood type- see the chart on 348 to see where you fall
The other chart shows what blood type you could have based on inheritance.

19. Blood Types

20. The Rh Classification System
Rh-positive individuals
have Rh factor antigen on RBCs
85% of the population
Rh-negative individuals
do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs
Rh factor complications
First is OK, then body makes antibodies against Rh
erythroblastosis fetalis
Fatal lysing of the RBCs as they are attacked by the mother’s cells
RhoGAM
Immune serum, prevents the creation of anti-Rh antibodies
Given a card- tells when you need to have it

21. Blood Transfusions
First one is OK regardless, then you have to type (ABO) and match ( Rh)
agglutination
clumping of RBCs
Hemolysis
Hb clogs kidneys, decreased o2 carrying
Nausea, fever, vomiting
universal recipient
blood type AB
universal donor
blood type O

22. Complete Blood Count detects blood disorders or diseases
Anemia, clotting disorders, immune dz, blood cancer, dehydration…. Tons of things!

23. Blood Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.3
Blood Disorders and Diseases

24. Anemia=decreased O2 carrying capacity
decrease in number of RBCs
insufficient amount of hemoglobin
3 main causes
Blood loss, decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction
Headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, dyspnea
controlled with diet rich in iron, folic acid and vitamin B
Can be acquired or inherited

25. Acquired Anemias =deficient diet, parasitic worms, disease
iron-deficient anemia ( most common- 50%)
insufficient dietary intake of iron or loss of iron from intestinal bleed
bleeding from intestinal worms
Main cause worldwide- usually in developing countries
pregnancy
Fetus is supplied with hemoglobin at the expense of the mother. Depletes mother’s iron levels
Diet must be supplemented with iron and leafy green veggies ( and other high iron foods)

26. Acquired Anemias aplastic anemia RARE
damage to stem cells in bone marrow
Unable to produce blood cells
causes
Toxins- pesticides
radiation therapy or chemotherapy
infectious disease
Hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, HIV, autoimmune dz like lupus or RA
Heredity
Treat by removing toxin, d/c radiation/chemo, bone marrow or stem cell transplants

27. Acquired Anemias pernicious anemia
intestines can not absorb vitamin B12
Stomach stops making intrinsic factor or autoimmune disorder attacks IF
Later in life ( 60+ years)
Diabetes, Addison’s, thyroiditis can increase risk
Red, swollen tongue, pale skin, fatigue and shortness of breath, diarrhea and/ or constipation
Treat with b12 supplements

28. Acquired Anemias anemias caused by chronic disease
rheumatoid arthritis
kidney disease
chronic infections
cancer

29. Inherited Anemias= genetic makeup
sickle cell anemia
RBCs have abnormal shape from abnormal Hb molecules
Less 02 carrying ability
crises–painful episodes when cells get stuck
Bacterial infection, fatigue, stroke, shortness of breath
Need transfusions of healthy blood, pain medication, fluids
More common in Mediterranean or African descent
Both parents must be carriers and give SCA gene

31. Inherited Anemias= genetic makeup
Cooley’s anemia
cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin
cannot make enough RBCs
Require transfusions
Can lead to toxic iron levels
Heart attack, liver failure
50% of patients die before 35 years of age
Chelation therapy
Helps reduce iron levels
Chelating blood pumped into body
It binds with iron and is excreted in urine
Infused over 8 hours ( usually at night), 4-6 nights a week

32. Jaundice yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes
excess bilirubin from breakdown of RBCs
possible liver damage
Common in newborns
Especially in Rh differences
Treated with phototherapy
UV light
Resolves in 2-4 weeks
photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com

33. Blood Disorders hemophilia polycythemia inherited blood does not clot
1 of 13 clotting factors is missing, usually VII or IX
More common in males, 1 out of 5000 births per year.
polycythemia
overproduction of RBCs
causes thick blood
Phlebotomy reduces RBCs , and aspirin can be used to thin the blood

34. Leukemia cancer of the blood acute lymphocytic leukemia
Overproduction of WBCs
Overcrowd and outlive healthy cells
Frequent infections
acute lymphocytic leukemia
over production of lymphocytes
Common in >70
acute myeloid leukemia
too many myeloblasts
Blasts become RBC, WBC and platelets
Adult onset

35. Leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia chronic myeloid leukemia
high level of lymphocytes
Affects middle age adults
chronic myeloid leukemia
too many granulocytes
Therapy includes chemotherapy, radiation, marrow transplants

36. Multiple Myeloma plasma cell cancer in bone marrow
may damage bone, causing weakness
Treatable- chemotherapy, steroids, marrow transplants
incurable