1. History of Internet
Bart Meulenbroeks

2. Content Introduction Creation of ARPANET From ARPANET to Internet
From Internet to the World Wide Web
Development of the World Wide Web
Questions

3. Creation of ARPANET (1) 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik I
United States were shocked
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Thechnological think-tank
Space, ballistic missiles and nuclear test monitoring
Communication between operational base and subcontracters
Sputnik I:
1955 – Eisenhouwer & Kremlin
4 October 1957
70 kgs bleeping sphere
ARPA:
Apply state-of-the-art technology to US defence

4. Creation of ARPANET (2) 1962 – computer research program
Leaded by John Licklider (MIT)
Leonard Kleinrock published his first paper on
packet-switching theory
1965 – first “wide area network” created
Connection between Berkeley and MIT
John Licklider:
“Galactic Network” concept --> computers would be networked together
Leonard Kleinrock:
Break up a message in small packages
Send them speratly to their destination
Reassembling them at the other end
Vint Cerf and Bob Khan who defined the "Internet Protocol" (IP)
First WAN:
Telephone line were low-speed

5. Creation of ARPANET (3) 1967 – plans for ARPANET were published
MIT – NPL (UK) – RAND
1969 – Interface Message Processor (IMP)
4 computers (UCLA, SRI, UCSB and UTAH)
1971 – 23 host computers (15 nodes)
1967:
MIT, National Physics Laboratory (UK), RAND corporation
1969:
IMP is build by BBN (million-dollar contract)
4 computers
UCLA
Stanford Research Institute
University of California Santa Barbara
University of Utah
First attempt to login (at UCLA into SRI) fails as the letter G of LOGIN was entered

6. From ARPANET to Internet (1)
1972 – ARPANET went ‘public’
ICCC
First program for person-to-person communication
( )
1973
75% of all ARPANET traffic is
First international connection (University College of London)
1972:
First International Conference on Computers and Communication (Washington DC)
Linking computers from 40 different locations together
First host-to-host protocols
1974:
TCP/IP marked a crucial stage in networking development
Crucial concept was the ‘open architecture’ (“Galactic Network”)

7. From ARPANET to Internet (2)
1974 – TCP/IP
Each network should work on its own
Within each network there would be a ‘gateway’
Packages would be routed through the fastest available route
Large mainframe computers
Several years of modification and redesign
1974:
crucial stage in networking development
Crucial concept was the ‘open architecture’ (“Galactic Network”)
Gateway would be a large computer (large volume of traffic) to transmit and redirect any packages
Gateway would cut-down workload and speed up the traffic
Packages can be rerouted
System was designed for a limited number of national (sub-) networks.

8. From ARPANET to Internet (3)
1974/1982 – Networks launched
Telenet – first commercial version of ARPANET
MFENet – researchers into Magnetic Fusion Energy
HEPNet – researchers into High Energy Physics
SPAN – space physicists
Usenet – open system focusing on and newsgroups
Bitnet – university scientists using IBM computers
CSNet – Computer Scientists in universities, industry and government
Eunet – European version of the Unix network
EARN – European version of Bitnet

9. From ARPANET to Internet (4)
1974/1982
Very chaotic
Different competing techniques and protocols
ARPANET is still the backbone
1982 – The internet is born using the TCP/IP standard
1978: TCP/IP split into TCP and IP
1979: first suggestion of adding emotcions (widely used in 1982)

10. From Internet to WWW (1) System expands
Advances in computer capacities and speeds
Introduction of glass-fibre cables
Problems created by its own success
More computers are linked (1984 – 1000 hosts)
Large volume of traffic (success of )
1984 – Introduction DNS
Increasingly predictions were voiced that the entire system would eventually grind to a halt
Until then eacht host computer had been assigned a name
Edu, com, gov, org and country codes

11. From Internet to WWW (2)
Use of internet throughout the higher educational system
British government – Joint Academic Network
US National Science Foundation – NSFNet
NSFNet
Use of TCP/IP
Federal Agencies share cost of infrastructures
NSFNet shared infrastructure
Support behind the ‘Internet Activities Board’
NSFNet provided the ‘backbone’
IAB: descendent of the IWG (1972)
Backbone
First computers: 56,000 bytes per second
1988: 1,544,000,000 bytes per second
Purposes: only in support of research and education

12. From Internet to WWW (3) NSFNet Commercial users
broke the capacity bottleneck
encouraged a surge in Internet use
1984 – 1,000 hosts
1986 – 5,000 hosts
1987 – 28,000 hosts
1989 – 100,000 hosts
1990 – 300,000 hosts
encouraged the development of private Internet providers
Commercial users
Commercial users
Hardware and software suppliers had been adding TCP/IP
Little experience
1985 – the IAB organised the first workshop targeting the private sector
1987 – first commercial network, UUNET, was founded
Internet still is forbidden place for the uninitiated
Documentation available is highly scientific
Finding stuff is a pain in the neck
Transfer times are relatively slow

13. From Internet to WWW (4) 1990 – ARPANET was wound up
1990 – first search-engine (Archie)
1991 – NSF removed restrictions on private access
“Information superhighway” project
Al Gore’s project provided funds (over $3,000 mln) for futher research

14. The World Wide Web (1) 1989 – WWW concept by Tim Berners-Lee
1990 – first browser/editor program
Tim Berners-Lee
Scientist at CERN (European centre for High Energy Physics – Geneva)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

15. The World Wide Web (2)
National Center for SuperComputing Applications launched Mosaic X
Commercial websites began their proliferation
Followed by local shool/club/family sites
The web exploded
1994 – 3,2 million hosts and 3,000 websites
1995 – 6,4 million hosts and 25,000 websites
1997 – 19,5 million hosts and 1,2 million websites
January 2001 – 110 million hosts and 30 million websites
Mosaic X
Eary to install
Easy to use
Backed by 24-hour customer support
Improved graphical capabilities
Many features which are available today
1994: tens of thousands of versions had been installed
Commercial websites began their proliferation
Followed by local shool/club/family sites
Accelerated by even-more powerful and cheap personal computers
The web exploded

16. The World Wide Web (3) 1994 Supported colour
Pictures are placed in-line
December 1992 – 50 website were online
December 1993 – 150 website were online

17. The World Wide Web (4) Some facts
1994 – Hotmail starts web based
1994 – World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded
1995 – JAVA source code was released
1996 – Mirabilis (Israel) starts ICQ
1998 – Google is founded
Microsoft acquires Hotmail in 1998
W3C director is Tim Berners-Lee
AOL acquires Mirabilis and Netscape in 1998
Google is founded by two Stanford graduate students, who worked on the idea since 1995

18. The World Wide Web (5)

19. The World Wide Web (6)

20. Questions???