1. Muscular Disorders

2. BUCCANATOR
MASSETER
DELTOID
STERNICLEIDOMASTOID
PECTORALIS MAJOR
BICEPS BRACHII
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
BRACHIORADIALIS
RECTUS ABDOMINUS
RECTUS FEMORIS
SARTORIUS
VASTUS LATERALIS
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

3. TRAPEZEUS
TRICEPS BRACHII
LATISSIMUS DORSI
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
GASTROCNEMIUS
SOLEUS MAJOR

4. ATROPHY – wasting away of muscle due to lack of use.
HYPERTROPHY – an increase in the size of the muscle cell.

5. STRAIN – tear in the muscle resulting from excessive use
STRAIN – tear in the muscle resulting from excessive use. Bleeding inside the muscle can result in pain and swelling. Ice packs will help stop bleeding and reduce swelling.

6. MUSCLE SPASM (cramp) – sustained contraction of the muscle, usually because of overuse.

7. MYALGIA – muscle pain
TENDINITIS – inflammation of a tendon
Cause: overuse or disease
S/S: pain, stiffness,weakness
Diagnostic tests: hx, exam
Treatment: RICE, PT,
anti-inflammatory drugs,
lasers, shock waves, ultrasound

8. (P)RICE R= REST I= ICE C= COMPRESSION E= ELEVATE

9. Tetanus “Lock Jaw” Cause: clostridium tetani bacteria
S/S: progressive muscle spasm, paralysis, stiffness and pain, especially in jaw
Diagnostic tests: physical exam, lab tests, hx of wound
Treatment: wound hygiene, tetanus antitoxin, sedation, ventilator support, pain management

11. Muscular Dystrophy
Cause: Genetic; carried on X chromosome; most common in boys; 1:3500 live male births
S/S: muscle weakness in early stages; Later, significant muscle weakness including skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle
Diagnostic Tests: physical exam, genetic testing, EMG, muscle biopsy
Treatment: Palliative care

13. Myasthenia Gravis Cause: autoimmune attack at neuromuscular junction
Most common in women under 40 and men over 50
S/S: progressive, flucuating muscle weakness, often starting with facial or eye muscles (MIND TO GROUND)
Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests, EMG (electromyogram)
Treatment: steroids, immunosuppressant drugs, plasma exchange, acetlycholinesterase inhibitors

14. Fibromyalgia Cause: unknown, but may be neurological
S/S: chronic pain of at least 3 months, bilateral tenderness, fatigue, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, exercise intolerance
Mostly women (2% of population affected)
Diagnostic Tests: Location of pain confined to “tender points”
Treatment: antidepressants, pain relievers, exercise, anti-epileptic meds

16. Hernia
Tear in the muscle wall that allows a structure (usually an organ) to protrude through it
Umbilical or inguinal
Can be dangerous if blood flow is restricted

17. Hernia cont.
Cause: outpouching of intestines into the inguinal or umbilical region of the body
S/S: visual bulging, pain, discomfort, possible adhesions, incarceration of intestinal loop, strangulation
Diagnostic Tests: hx, physical exam
Treatment: binding, surgical repair