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Wildlife Terms and Concepts

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Presentation on theme: "Wildlife Terms and Concepts"— Presentation transcript:

1 Wildlife Terms and Concepts

2 Communities and Ecosystems
Biotic Community All plant and animal populations living in a defined area Composition changes over time Due to plant succession and climate Interact with nonliving or abiotic resources Together they form an ecosystem Ecosystem Community of living things combined with nonliving things Sizes vary Communities and Ecosystems

3 Habitat Requirements Habitat
Represents the physical and biological resources required by wildlife for survival and reproduction Requirements are species specific Change throughout the year Do not confuse habitat for habitat components Habitat Requirements

4 Focal Species Wildlife species that a habitat plan is about
Determine habitat requirements Evaluate capability of area to provide those requirements Management practices can be detrimental to other species Focal Species

5 Species Richness and Diversity
Type of organism whose members can freely interbreed with each other and are genetically similar Species richness Number of different species present in an area Species diversity Number of species present as well as distribution and abundance of those species Species Richness and Diversity

6 Involves an orderly change in species of plants occurring in a particular area
Wildlife species associate with or more stages 6 Stages Bare Ground Annual Grasses and Forbs Perennial grasses and forbs Brushy cover composed primarily of shrubs Young Forest Mature Forest Plant Succession

7 Stage 1-Bare Ground

8 Stage 2-Annual Grasses and Forbs

9 Stage 3 Perennial Grasses and Forbs

10 Stage 4 Brushy Cover composed of Shrubs

11 Stage 5-Young Woods

12 Stage 6-Mature Woods

13 Plant Succession Stages
Areas change Plant development Disturbances Fire Grazing Ice and wind storms Lighting Flooding Plant Succession Stages

14 Vertical Structure 3 Distinct layers of vegetation in Forest/Woodland
Understory Diverse and include grasses, forbs, ferns, sedges, shrubs, and young trees. Midstory Primarily shrubs and trees more than 4.5 feet tall Overstory Trees in the canopy Vertical Structure

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16 Layers are arranged in relation to each other is important to wildlife species
Example: Bird may feed on understory but nest in the over story Structure may vary from area to area with type of forest Vertical Structure

17 Arrangement and Interspersion
Successional stages or vegetation types are situated in relation to each other Managing the different areas within a landscape is interspersion More interspersion the greater the diversity of wildlife Arrangement and Interspersion

18 Edge Where two or more vegetation types or successional stages meet
Fields meets a forest Young mixed wood stand meets a mature wood stand Change can be gradual or abrupt Hayfield meets mature woods (hard edge) 30 yr old forest meets a 60 yr old forest (soft edge) Increased edge means increased in interspersion Edge

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20 Edge Benefits Non Benefits
Types or stages present provide some habitat requirements Arrangement of types or stages is suitable and within the home range of focal species Specific vegetation types and successional stages for focal species are in proximity Increases species diversity Non Benefits May not provided habitat requirements for focal species Species may avoid edges due not being uniform Edge

21 Area Sensitive Species
Species that need large unfragmented areas in certain successional stages Unfragmented area of at least 100 acres is minimum requirement Depends on the species Fragmentation Disruption of vegetation types either man- made or by natural processes Wildlife did not respond to this same way Area Sensitive Species

22 Home Range Home Range Seasonal home range
Area in which an animal lives Smaller home range the higher quality habitat Larger home range the lower quality habitat Seasonal home range Animal moves from one seasonal home range to another Long migrations Require available habitats along route Take into consideration when planning for various species Home Range

23 Areas of suitable habitat or paths that do not restrict movement for animals to move from areas within home range or migration Examples Mule Deer Valleys between mountain ranges or overpasses across wildlife-corridors/ Corridor

24 Carrying Capacity Only so many animals can live in an area
Number of animals that can exist in an area Biological carrying capacity Maximum number of animals, within a given species, an area can support before species is negatively affected Quantity and quality of food, cover, water, and space determines capacity Limiting factor Habitat requirement that is in shortest supply Varies season to season and year to year Carrying Capacity

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26 Pond Dynamics Well Management consists of Pond Balance
Properly stocking the right species Balanced harvest Proper fertilization Stable Water Level Aquatic Weed Control Pond Balance Balance between prey and predator fish is established and maintained Establish an adequate food chain for prey and controlling prey and predator species numbers through fishing &trkid= Pond Dynamics

27 Stream Habitat Stream Riparian Buffers
Body of water moving in a definite pattern and following the course of least resistance to a lower elevation Erosion Water moves it carries materials that have been picked up Water flow is restricted creates more erosion Riparian Buffers Vegetated areas along streams and ponds Maintain streambanks stability Filters sediment from water moving Assist with water temperatures Stream Habitat

28 Pools and Riffles Pools Riffles
Habitat features for various fish that inhabit streams Provide areas for fish to feed and find refuge Riffles Areas of spawning Pools and Riffles

29 Food Webs Network of interconnected food chains
Step by step passage of material and energy through ecosystem Food Webs

30 Invasive Species Plants that are purposely or accidently introduced
Some species limit original species Difficult to control or eradicate Impacts agriculture production, water resources, municipal capacity, and human health and safety Contribute to loss of habitat for native species Challenge for natural resource management Removal Fire, herbicide, mechanical removal, biological control Invasive Species

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