1. Optics of Vision
Light refraction

2. Optics of Vision

3. Optics of Vision
Refraction power a lens “Diopter” = 1 m / focal length

4. Optics of Vision

5. Optics of Vision

6. Picture Formation
cataracts (opacities in the lens)

7. Picture Formation Lens accommodation Pupil adjustment
Fusion of the two eyes

8. Optics of Vision

9. Optics of Vision

10. Accommodation

11. Accommodation

12. Vision problems
Ametropia : refraction error, inabiulity of properly focusing light on the retina, a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity

13. Vision problems

14. Visual acuity
Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart

15. Visual acuity
Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart
snellen eye chart
Jaeger eye chart

16. Visual acuity
Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart
Jaeger eye chart

17. Accommodation
Presbyopia: Loss of accommodation by the lens

18. Accommodation
Presbyopia: Loss of accommodation by the lens

19. Vision problems
Astigmatism : irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens, which lead to blurred or distorted vision due to parts of the image are out of focus.

20. Vision problems
Astigmatism : irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens, which lead to blurred or distorted vision due to parts of the image are out of focus.

21. Pupillary Light Reflex

22. Olivary pretectal nucleus
Edinger-Westphal
nucleus

23. Edinger-Westphal nucleus

24. Olivary pretectal nucleus
Edinger-Westphal
nucleus

25. ??!

26. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

27. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)
swinging-flashlight test

28. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

29. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)
Usually before the chiasm problem
Retinal detachment
Ischemic retina
Optic nerve : ischemia ,compression neuritis , recovered neuritis … etc
diabetic retinopathy
Demyelination (MS)
Unilateral Optic track lesion
Unilateral mid brain lesion

30. Accommodation and parasympathetic
The pupil near reflex

31. Pupillary Adjustment

32. Pupillary Adjustment

33. extrastriatal

34. light-near dissociation

35. light-near dissociation
Adie’s tonic pupil
Damage to the dorsal mid-brain (tectal area) around the cerebral aqueduct “but not the E W nucleus”
Stroke
Meningitis
Tumor
Neurosyphilis
Diabetic neuropathy
Demyelination (MS)
Dorsal midbrain syndrome
(Parinaud's Syndrome)

36. Anisocoria

37. Anisocoria Efferent pathway or the eye it self Adie’s tonic pupil
One side Dorsal midbrain syndrome
Horner syndrome

38. Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods

39. Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods

42. Color Blindness

43. Color Blindness
Red-green color blindness

44. Color Blindness
Red-green color blindness
X linked

45. Color Blindness Red-green color blindness X linked
Deuteranope >>> green
Protanope >>> red

46. Color Blindness Red-green color blindness
X linked
Deuteranope >>> green
Protanope >>> red
Tritanopia >>> Blue Chromosome 7
***anomaly : shift in the spectrum of one of the proteins i.e. Deuteranomaly, Protanomaly, Tritanopia

50. Color Test Chart VS

51. Color Test Chart
42 VS “green” / 2 “red”

52. Color Blindness Type Prevalence Deuteranomaly (green) 4.63%
Deuteranopia (green)
1.27%
Protanomaly (red)
1.08%
Protanopia (red)
1.01%
Tritanomaly (blue)
0.02%
Tritanopia (blue)
0.03%

53. Rinne and Weber Tests

54. Rinne’s test

55. Weber’s test

59. Type
Problematic colors
Deuteran (green)
Green/red, green/blue, green/gray, green/brown, blue/purple, orange/red, yellow/orange.
Protan (red)
purple/dark blue, orange/green, brown/dark green, red/brown, green/yellow, gray/purple
Tritan (blue)
blue/yellow, violet/yellow-green, red/red-purple, dark blue/black, yellow/white