1. Grammar-Verb Tense Review

2. Principal parts of verbs
Most Latin verbs have 4 principal parts.
Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
1st Principal pt.
I love
2nd Principal pt.
to love
Infinitive
3rd Principal pt.
I loved/have loved
Perfect tense
4th Principal pt.
Having been loved
Perfect passive participle

3. VERB CONJUGATIONS 4th conjugation 3rd conjugation 2nd conjugation
āre ēre ere īre
1st conjugation
3rd conjugation
4th conjugation
2nd conjugation

4. IMPERFECT I was singing/used to sing
6 TENSES
PRESENT
I sing
FUTURE PERFECT
I will have sung
PLUPERFECT
I had sung
IMPERFECT I was singing/used to sing
PERFECT
I sang/have sung
FUTURE I will sing

5. Connecting vowels are: i, u
PRESENT TENSE IS EASY “I do something, I am doing something” present stem + ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt
1st sg. (I)
cantō
moneō
agō capiō
audiō
2nd sg.(you)
cantās
monēs
agis capis
audīs
3rd sg.(he/she/it)
cantat
monet
agit capit
audit
1st pl.(we)
cantāmus
monēmus
agimus capimus
audīmus
2nd pl.(y’all)
cantātis
monētis
agitis capitis
audītis
3rd pl.(they)
cantant
monent
agunt capiunt
audiunt
TRANSLATE: I sing/I am singing; you sing/you are singing, etc.
Connecting vowels are: i, u
3rd person plural has iu

6. IMPERFECT TENSE IS SUPER-EASY
IMPERFECT TENSE IS SUPER-EASY * Present stem + connecting vowel + bam, bās, bat, bāmus, bātis, bant * action in the past that was repeated or continuing
1st sg.(I)
cantābam
monēbam
agēbam capiēbam
audiēbam
2nd sg.(you)
cantābās
monēbās
agēbās capiēbās
audiēbās
3rd sg.(he/she/it)
cantābat
monēbat
agêbat capiēbat
audiēbat
1st pl.(we)
cantābāmus
monēbāmus
agēbāmus capiēbāmus
audiēbāmus
2nd pl.(y’all)
cantābātis
monēbātis
agēbātis capiēbātis
audiēbātis
3rd pl.(they)
Cantābant
monēbant
agēbant capiēbant
audiēbant
TRANLATE: I was singing/ I used to sing; you were singing/you used to
sing, etc.

7. FUTURE!!! TWO WAYS 1st & 2nd conjugations 3rd & 4th conjugations bō,
bis
bit
bimus
bitis
bunt am ēs et
ēmus
ētis
ent

8. FUTURE TENSE: Beware! 1st & 2nd Conj’s: present stem + vowel + bō, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt 3rd & 4th conj’s: present stem + am, ēs, et, ēmus, ētis, ent
1st sg.(I)
cantābō
monēbō
agam capiam
audiam
2nd sg.(you)
cantābis
monēbis
agēs capiēs
audiēs
3rd sg.(he/she/it)
cantābit
monēbit
aget capiet
audiet
1st pl.(we)
cantābimus
monēbimus
agēmus capiēmus
audiēmus
2nd pl.(y’all)
cantābitis
monēbitis
agētis capiētis
audiētis
3rd pl.(they)
cantābunt
monēbunt
agent capient
audient
TRANSLATE: I will/shall sing, you will sing, etc.

9. PERFECT-happened in the past. Ex.
“I sang the song” or “I have sung the song”. No reference point
PLUPERFECT
Happened before an implied reference point in the past: Example: By 8:00am this morning, I had sung the song.
FUTURE PERFECT: will happen in the future, before an implied reference point in the future; for example
Before 3:00pm this afternoon, I will have sung the song.
IMPLIED FUTURE REFERENCE POINT
IMPLIED PAST REFERENCE POINT
NOW

10. PRESENT STEM is the infinitive without –re; present, imperfect future
PERFECT STEM-3rd Prin Pt. without the ī: Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
PRESENT STEM is the infinitive without –re; present, imperfect future
STEMS
2nd Prin pt-inf 3rd Prin. Part
Infinitive Perfect Tense
1st cantāre cantāvī
2nd monēre monuī
3rd agere ēgī
3rd io capere cēpī
4th audīre audīvī

11. FUTURE PERFECT: eram, erās, erō, erat, eris, erāmus, erit, erātis,
PLUPERFECT,
eram,
erās,
erat,
erāmus,
erātis,
erant
FUTURE PERFECT:
erō,
eris,
erit,
erimus,
eritis,
erint
PERFECT ī,
istī,
it,
imus,
istis,
ērunt

12. Perfect Tense “I did something, I have done something”
1st sg.(I)
cantāvī
monuī
ēgī cēpī
audīvī
2nd sg.(you)
cantāvistī
monuistī
ēgistī cēpistī
audīvistī
3rd sg.(he/she/it)
cantāvit
monuit
ēgit cēpit
audīvit
1st pl.(we)
cantāvimus
monuimus
ēgimus cēpimus
audīvimus
2nd pl.(y’all)
cantāvistis
monuistis
ēgistis cēpistis
audīvistis
3rd pl.(they)
cantāvērunt
monuērunt
ēgērunt cēpērunt
audīvērunt
TRANSLATE: I sang/I have sung, you sang/you have sung, etc.

13. PLUPERFECT TENSE I had done something Perfect stem + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis erant(no connecting vowel) Action in the past that happened before some reference point
1st sg.(I)
cantāveram
monueram
ēgeram cēperam
audīveram
2nd sg.(you)
cantāverās
monuerās
ēgerās cēperās
audīverās
3rd sg.(he/she/it)
cantāverat
monuerat
ēgerat cēperat
audīverat
1st pl.(we)
cantāverāmus
monuerāmus
ēgerāmus cēperāmus
audīverāmus
2nd pl.(y’all)
cantāverātis
monuerātis
ēgerātis cēperātis
audīverātis
3rd pl.(they)
cantāverant
monuerant
ēgerant cēperant
audīverant
TRANSLATE: I had sung, you had sung, etc.

14. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE I will have done something Perfect stem + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint(no connecting vowel) Action in the future that happened after some reference point
1st sg.(I)
cantāverō
monuerō
ēgerō cēperō
audīverō
2nd sg.(you)
cantāveris
monueris
ēgeris cēperis
audīveris
3rd sg.(he/she/it)
cantāverit
monuerit
ēgerit cēperit
audīverit
1st pl.(we)
cantāverimus
monuerimus
ēgerimus cēperimus
audīverimus
2nd pl.(y’all)
cantāveritis
monueritis
ēgeritis cēperitis
audīveritis
3rd pl.(they)
cantāverint
monuerint
ēgerint cēperint
audīverint
TRANSLATE: I will have sung, you will have sung, etc.

15. Appropinquō, appropinquāre, appropinquāvī,
To approach: appropinquāre
Approach! (imp s): Appropinquā Approach! (imp pl): Appropinquāte
Present: I approach: Appropinquō
Imperfect: I was approaching Appropinquābam
Future: I will approach: Appropinquābō
Perfect: I approached/have approached Appropinquāvī
PluPerfect: I had approached Appropinquāveram
Fut. Per. : I will have approached Appropinquāverō

16. Haereō, haerēre, haesī To stick: haerēre
Stick (imp s): haerē Stick! (imp pl): haerēte
Pres. you stick haerēs
Imp you were sticking haerēbās
Fut you will stick haerēbis
Perf you stuck/have stuck haesistī
Pluper you had stuck haeserās
Fut Perf you will have stuck haeseris

17. Resistō, resistere, restitī
To resist: resistere
Resist! (imp s): resiste Resist! (imp pl): resistite
Pres.: she resists resistit
Imper: she was resisting resistēbat
Fut: she will resist resistēs
Perf she resisted/has resisted restitit
Pluperf she had resisted restiterat
Fut Perf she will have resisted restiterit

18. Future Perfect:
Monuerō
I will have warned
Perfect:
Monuī
I warned/have warned
Pluperfect:
Monueram
I had warned

19. Perfect
Audīvistī
You heard/have heard
Pluperfect
Audīverās
you had heard
Future Perfect
audīveris
you will have heard

20. Perfect:
Cantāvit
He sang/ has sung
Future perfect
Cantāverit
He will have sung.
Pluperfect
Cantāverat
He had sung

21. Pluperfect
Scīverāmus
we had know
Future Perfect
Scīverimus
we will have known.
Perfect
Scīvimus
We knew/have known

22. ēgerātis Pluperfect Perfect Future Perfect ēgistis we had ēgeritis
done it
Future Perfect
ēgeritis
we will have done it
Perfect
ēgistis
Y’all did/have done it

23. They escaped/have escaped
Pluperfect
Effūgerant
They had escaped
Perfect
Effūgērunt
They escaped/have escaped
Future Perfect
Effūgerint
They will have escaped

25. IMPERATIVES The imperative is a command, the implied subject is “you
Singular imperative is a command to one person.
Plural imperative is a command addressed to more than one person. The implied subject is you-plural.
To make the plural imperative, add –te to the singular imperative. However, plural imperative of the 3rd conjugation ending is –ite (rather than -ete). Translate the imperative: Sing! Warn! Do! Take! Hear!
1st nd rd rd-io th
Infinitives cantāre monēre agere capere audīre
Sing Imp cantā monē age cape audī
Plural Imp. cantāte monēte agite capite audīte