1. Macromolecules
-Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules.
-Understand basic enzyme function and how it is affected.

2. MACROMOLECULES Found in all living things Building blocks of all cells
Made up of the atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur (CHNOPS)
There are 4 Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates  C, H & O
Lipids  C, H & O
Proteins  C, H, O, N & S
Nucleic Acids  C, H, O, N & P

3. Carbohydrates Basic units: monosaccharides (sugars)
Provide energy and structural support
Fiber is a carbohydrate
Extra glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver
Glucose

4. Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide = 1 sugar (simple sugar, ex. Glucose)
Disaccharide = 2 sugars (simple sugar, ex. lactose/sucrose)
Polysaccharide = 3+ sugars (complex sugar, ex. cellulose, glycogen, starch)

5. Lipids (Fats) a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain a hydrophilic head
Basic units: fatty acids
Functions: provides energy & structure, cushions the body, and prevents heat loss
Made of fatty acid molecules that consist two distinct regions:
a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
a hydrophilic head

6. Saturated Fats contain single carbon-to-carbon bonds
has lots of hydrogen
solid at room temperature
found in animal products

7. Unsaturated Fats
contain double or triple carbon-to-carbon bonds & fewer hydrogen atoms
Liquid at room temperature
found in plant products

8. Molecular structures of Fats
Saturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat

9. Nucleic Acids Basic units: nucleotides There are three types:
composed of 
Sugar
Phosphate group
Base: cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil
There are three types:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Function: DNA directs & controls all activities of all cells in an organism – RNA helps; ATP = ENERGY!!!

10. DNA – DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DNA is the hereditary material passed on from parents to offspring
Structure: double-stranded
Phosphate group
Sugar  deoxyribose
Bases 
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Thymine

11. RNA – ribonucleic acid RNA helps the DNA Structure: single-stranded
Phosphate group
Sugar  ribose
Bases 
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Uracil

12. Nitrogenous Bases

13. Proteins Atoms: C, H, N, O, S Basic units: amino acids (20)
Provide energy & structure, repairs body tissues
Some are called hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc.

14. Protein Structures

15. Protein Structures (Cont’d)

16. Enzymes
ARE PROTEINS!
Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the Activation Energy.
Enzymes examples:
Amylase - breaks down sugar
Proteases - break down proteins
Lipases - break down lipids
Catalase - breaks down hydrogen peroxide

17. Enzyme Action Models

18. Enzyme Action Models
lock and key model  substrate & the enzyme fit together perfectly
induced-fit model  Enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate

19. Factors that affect enzyme action:
Temperature – 37oC best for human enzymes
pH – different for each enzyme
7 for amylase in the mouth
2 for pepsin in the stomach
8 for trypsin in the intestines
Concentration of enzyme and substrate
Coenzymes – helpers such as minerals and vitamins