1. Question 1 All organic compounds contain what element? Carbon
What are the two other elements most commonly found in organic compounds?
Hydrogen and Oxygen
Nitrogen and Phosphate are also commonly found

2. Question 2 Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds.
Covalent= sharing of electrons
Ionic= Electrons are donated or accepted.

3. 17 Carbohydrate Carbonyl (C=0) Hydroxyl (OH) Monosaccharides
Structure of the Compound
Function of the Compound in the Human Body / Cell
Functional Group(s)
Monomers
-what do we call them?
-what are some examples?
Polymers
Carbohydrate
Carbonyl (C=0)
Hydroxyl (OH)
Monosaccharides
-glucose, fructose, galactose
Polysaccharides
-cellulose, starch, glycogen
Energy
Protein
Carboxyl (COOH)
Amine (NH2)
Amino Acid
-glycine, alanine, leucine
Polypeptide chain
Enzymes – speed up reactions
Structure of your body
Antibodies
Lipid
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Wax
Phospholipid
Steroids
Store Energy
Insulate the body
Protect the body
Nucleic Acid X
   
Nucleotide
DNA & RNA
Store and Express the instructions for life 17

4. 5. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water.O + - H

5. Question 6
Hydrophilic- water loving. These substances interact well with water
Generally polar molecules
Hydrophobic- water fearing. Do not mix with water.
Non-polar molecules

6. 7. Explain acids and bases using the PH scale.
Acids are on the lower side of the PH scale. If it’s lower than 7 than it’s an acid; if it’s higher than 7, it’s a base. Acid < 7 Neutral=7 Base > 7

7. Question 8.
Enzymes are known as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions. They help build-up or break-down many molecules.
Amylase
Lactase
Ligase
Helicase
The names have the same –ase ending.

8. Question 9
Enzymes help lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. This is really helpful for cells since so many chemical reactions need to take place quickly, that without enzymes it would take too long and the organism would eventually die.

9. 10. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity?
Temperature PH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors

10. 11. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the enzyme?
All of these factors can denature an enzyme, or make it stop working by changing the structure. The enzyme works best at their optimum temperature, PH, etc.

11. Question 12
Element- basic building blocks of all matter- found on the periodic table- pure
Molecule-multiple elements together.
Atom- Smallest building block of all matter (proton, neutron, electrons)
Compound- Multiple elements bonded together