1. Europe’s Population (Fig. 8.13)
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

2. Settlement and Population: Slow Growth and Rapid Migration
Population Density in the Core and Periphery
523 million people in Europe (more than half a billion)
Highest densities in historic industrial core (England, Netherlands, N. France, N. Italy, western Germany)
Natural Growth: Beyond the Demographic Transition
Europe continues to experience slow natural growth (birth rates lower than death rates; immigration prevents population loss)
In last stage of Demographic Transition (or beyond)
Causes: women in workforce; widespread contraception; shortage of affordable housing
Some countries offer incentives to increase national growth
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

3. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff
EU facilitates movement of workers to developed Areas – problem in economic downturn
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

4. Europe’s Population Implosion
Shrinking population rather than a growing population – below ZPG
Reaction to urbanization and the expense of raising children in urban/industrial societies – so fertility rates in some countries have dropped below 2.1 (replacement rate)
Industrialization and urbanization usually move a country to the fourth stage of the demographic transition
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

5. Slow Growth and Rapid Migration (cont.)
Migration to and Within Europe
Growing resistance to unlimited migration
Scarce jobs should go to Europeans first
Concerns about international terrorism
Concern about dilution of national culture
Immigration may be only way to solve labor shortage
Workers needed to keep up tax revenues, support retirees
EU working to establish common immigration policy
Guest workers – migrant workers from other countries, usually doing low-wage work
Called Gastarbeiter in Germany (mostly Turks); other European countries have migrants from their former colonies
Additional migration from Eastern to Western Europe
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

6. Types of Population Pyramids

7. Population growth is rapid.
Expansive population pyramids show larger numbers or percentages of the population in the younger age groups, usually with each age group larger in size or proportion than the one born before it.
Population growth is rapid.

8. Population growth is negative.
Constrictive population pyramids display lower numbers or percentages of younger people.
Population growth is negative.

9. Population growth is neutral or stable.
Stationary or near-stationary population pyramids display somewhat equal numbers or percentages for almost all age groups. Of course, smaller figures are still to be expected at the oldest age groups.
Population growth is neutral or stable.

10. How to Read a Population Pyramid
Width of the Base
birth rate varies with the width of the base.  A wide base indicates a high birth rate and a narrow base indicates a low birth rate.

11. How to Read a Population Pyramid
Symmetry
statistically speaking pyramids should be relatively symmetrical
any asymmetry indicates a difference in the male and female population
this pyramid shows more females at age ranges above 50 which indicates that women are living to older ages than males

12. How to Read a Population Pyramid
Shape of Sides
Concave sides indicate a high death rate and convex sides indicate a low death rate
this population pyramid exhibits concave sides indicating a high death rate

13. How to Read a Population Pyramid
Bumps in the sides
irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic anomaly
the age group in the population pyramid at the right represents the baby boom
this bump will travel upward as the baby boomers age
Bumps in the sides
irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic anomaly
the large numbers of working aged men in the pyramid to the left indicates a migrant workforce