1. Matter and Minerals

2. What is Matter?
Matter – the substance of which any physical object is composed
States of Matter:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Controlling factors:
Temperature
Pressure
Examples: Gold Mercury Oxygen
solid liquid gas

3. The stuff that makes up all matter
The make-up of solid matter on Earth:
Atoms  Elements  Compounds  Minerals  Rocks
(smallest) (largest)
Elements:
fundamental building blocks
smallest matter that can’t be broken down

4. Periodic Table of Elements

5. The stuff that makes up all matter
The make-up of solid matter on Earth:
Atoms  Elements  Compounds  Minerals  Rocks
(smallest) (largest)
Atoms:
the stuff that builds elements
the smallest particle that uniquely defines an element

6. Atomic Structure Particles that make up an atom:
Protons: positive (+) charge
Neutrons: no charge
Electrons: negative (-) charge
Protons + neutrons define the nucleus of an atom.
Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells.

7. Atomic Structure

8. Periodic Table of Elements
Atomic Number (# of protons)
Mass number = # protons + # neutrons
YES
These are called isotopes.
Example: (Carbon) 12C 13C 14C
Can atoms of the same element have different mass numbers?
Atomic weight =
# protons + average # neutrons

9. Atomic Structure Atoms of the same element:
have the same number of protons (i.e., same atomic number)
can have different numbers of neutrons (referred to as isotopes)
can have different numbers of electrons
Ion – an atom that has gained or lost an electron

10. Atomic Structure Sodium atom Chlorine atom loses an electron
(becomes positively
charged)
Chlorine atom
gains an electron
(becomes negatively
charged)

11. Atomic Structure Types of IONS:
CATIONS – a loss of electrons, resulting in a positive (+) charge
ANIONS – a gain of electrons, resulting in a negative (-) charge
Examples: Na+ (cation) Cl – (anion)
NaCl (table salt)
chemical compound

12. Compounds Definition:
A chemical compound consists of elements that combine in a specific ratio.
Examples: NaCl H2O
The smallest quantity of a compound is called a molecule.
Molecules are held together by chemical bonding.

13. Bonding – chemical matrimony
Chemical bonding:
formation of a compound by combining two or more elements
manner in which electrons are distributed among atoms
In bonded atoms, electrons may be lost, gained, or shared.
4 types of bonding:
ionic covalent metallic van der Waals

14. Bonding – chemical matrimony
Ionic bonding:
electrons are transferred between atoms forming attracting ions (e.g., NaCl)
Na+
Cl–

15. Bonding – chemical matrimony
Ionic bonding:
orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions
bonds are moderately strong (salt dissolves in water)

16. Periodic Table of Elements

17. Bonding – chemical matrimony
Covalent bonding:
electrons are shared between atoms
generally strong
bonds
(e.g., diamond, pure C)
Chlorine gas molecule, Cl2

18. Bonding – chemical matrimony
Metallic bonding:
electrons drift around from atom to atom (e.g., copper, gold, silver)
good conductors of electrical current
generally weaker, less common than other bonds
Gold, Au

19. Bonding – chemical matrimony
Van der Waals bonding:
sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together by weak electrostatic forces
very weak bonds
examples: graphite, mica

20. What kind of bonding do you prefer?
In a covalent world…
In an ionic world…

21. The stuff that makes up all matter
The make-up of solid matter on Earth:
Atoms  Elements  Compounds  Minerals  Rocks
(smallest) (largest)

22. Minerals: the building blocks of rocks
Definition of a Mineral:
naturally occurring
inorganic
solid
characteristic crystalline structure
definite chemical composition
Definition of a Rock:
A solid aggregate (mixture) of minerals

24. Mineral characteristics
Definition of a Mineral:
naturally occurring
inorganic
solid
characteristic crystalline structure
definite chemical composition
steel plastic sugar table salt mercury ice coal
no, #1
no, #1
no, #1,2
YES!
no, #3
YES!
no, #2
basalt obsidian mica gold paper chalk coral
no, #5
no, #4
YES!
YES!
no, #1,2
no, #2
no, #2

25. Mineral characteristics
Naturally formed
No substance created artificially is a mineral.
examples: plastic, steel, sugar, paper
Inorganic
Anything formed by a living organism and containing organic materials is not a mineral.
examples: wood, plants, shells, coal
Solid
Liquids and gases are not minerals.
examples: water, petroleum, lava, oxygen

26. Mineral characteristics
Characteristic crystalline structure
must have an ordered arrangement of atoms
displays repetitive geometric patterns in 3-D
glass not a mineral (no internal crystalline structure)
Definite chemical composition
must have consistent chemical formula
examples: gold (Au), quartz (SiO2), orthoclase (KAlSi3O8)
basalt (like many other rocks) contains variable ratios of different minerals; thus, has no consistent formula

27. How many minerals are there?
Nearly 4,000 types of minerals
Only ~30 occur commonly (whew!)
Why not more?
Some combinations are chemically impossible
Relative abundances of elements don’t allow more

28. Element abundances in the crust
All others: 1.5%