1. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids) are found in all organisms. These molecules form the structures and carry out the functions in all living organisms.

2. Why is Carbon so special?
Carbon has four valence electrons.
It shares these electrons with other atoms to form molecules that are held together by strong covalent bonds. .

3. Molecules that contain carbon are called Organic compounds
Molecules that contain carbon are called Organic compounds. There are over 2 million known organic compounds. They are made and found only in living things.

4. 3 basic shapes of carbon-based compounds
straight chain
branched chain
ring

5. Monomers and Polymers

6. Large carbon-based molecules are made of many repeating small subunits joined by chemical bonds.

7. The smaller molecules are called Monomers
Ex. Glucose

8. Larger molecules formed by joining monomrers are called Polymers.

9. Polymers can be made of the same repeating molecule

10. OR, polymers can be made by combining different monomers

11. =MONOMER – one train car =POLYMER – the whole train

12. The reaction that joins monomers to form polymers is called Dehydration Synthesis.
Animation
Dehydration synthesis means “to make by removing water.”
(Dehydration – remove water Synthesis – to make)

13. Dehydration Synthesis

14. Polymers can be broken down into the monomers through Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis means “to break by adding water”

15. Dehydration synthesis – builds bigger molecules
Hydrolysis – breaks down bigger molecules
They are opposite reactions!

16. Four major groups of organic compounds in living things:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

17. Quick Check for Understanding –
What atom do all these molecules contain?

18. CARBON Quick Check for Understanding –
What atom do all these molecules contain?
CARBON

19. Where do we get these molecules?
(Click for video)
FROM OUR FOOD!!

20. CARBOHYDRATES

21. Types of Atoms in Carbohydrate molecules: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)

22. Foods that contain primarily carbohydrate molecules are called Sugars and Starches

23. Uses in Living Things
1. “Quick” Energy
2. Builds body structures

24. 3 Categories of Carbohydrates based on Size:
Monosaccharides (smallest) Monomers
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides (largest) Polymers

25. 1. Monosaccharide: one single molecule
1. Glucose – made in photosynthesis;
blood sugar
2. Galactose - Component of milk sugar
3. Fructose - fruit sugar
4. Deoxyribose and Ribose – in nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
glucose

26. 2. Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides joined together
1. Sucrose – table sugar (glucose + fructose)
2. Lactose – milk sugar (glucose + galactose)
fructose
glucose

27. 3. Polysaccharides - many monosaccharides joined together
1. Starch – glucose storage in plants (bread, taters)
2. Glycogen – glucose storage in animals
3. Cellulose – forms plant cell walls
4. Chitin – forms insect exoskeletons and
fungus cell walls
glucose
cellulose

28. Carbohydrate molecules can have the same monomers but be joined together differently.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

29. Ex.s of different monomer arrangements

30. Chitin – forms rigid insect bodies
Monomer
Polymer

31. The structure of a molecule affects its function
REMEMBER A UNIFYING THEME:
The structure of a molecule affects its function

32. LIPIDS (Fats, Oils, Waxes)

33. Types of Atoms: C, H, O

34. Uses of Lipids in Living Things:
Stores large amounts of chemical energy
Provide warmth and insulation
3. #1 component of cell membranes
4. Make hormones the body’s chemical
messengers

35. Common Features of Lipids
1. Nonpolar molecules – no charge on atoms
2. Hydrophobic – Can’t dissolve in water
3. Many lipids contain fatty acid molecules.

36. Fatty acid molecules share same basic structure

37. 3 Categories of Fatty Acids
No double bonds between Carbon atoms No kinks
One or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Molecule has kinks and bends

38. If the Fatty Acid molecules have :
Single bonds between C atoms –
Saturated Fats (Bad fats in diet)
Double bonds between C atoms –
Unsaturated Fats (Good fats in diet)

39. Blood Cholesterol Count
LDL - Lousy for you Want # to be LOW
HDL - Happy for you Want # to be HIGH

40. Dangers of Saturated Fats (Video)

41. Get in the habit of checking food labels for fat content

42. Categories of Lipids and their Functions:
Triglycerides - Provide Energy

43. Categories of Lipids and their Functions:
2. Phospholipids – make cell membranes

44. Has negative charge Molecules have no charge

45. 3. Sterols/Steroids – make hormones

46. 4. Waxes – protective coating on skin and leaves (leaf cuticle) to prevent water loss

47. Types of Atoms in Protein Molecules:
C, H, O, N, S

48. Uses of Proteins in Organisms:
Enzymes – Speed up chemical
reaction times
Transport molecules through cells
Antibodies in immune system
Workhorses of the cell!

49. Monomers of Proteins: Amino Acids
20 different amino acid molecules
9 amino acids are Essential – Can only be obtained by eating food

50. Basic structure of all 20 amino acids
Variable group
Amine group
Carboxylic acid group

51. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds which form between them through dehydration synthesis.
OH + H
OH + H

52. The sequence, or order, of amino acids is called the “primary structure” – this is what determines a protein’s structure and function

53. .
Amino Acids – Monomer
Protein – Polymer

54. Ex.s of Protein Molecules in Organisms
1. Albumin – protein in egg white
2. Amylase – breaks apart starch to glucose through hydrolysis. Enzyme found in your saliva
3. Keratin – protein in hair, feathers and nails
4. Hemoglobin – in red blood cells, oxygen attaches to it to be carried throughout the body and delivered to all cells

55. NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA and RNA

56. Types of Atoms in N.A.:
C, H, O, N, P

57. Two Types of Nucleic Acid Molecules
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA
2. Ribonucleic Acid – RNA

58. Uses of Nucleic Acids 1. Stores hereditary information needed to make protein molecules by the cell

59. Monomers of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides – made of 3 molecules joined together

60. 2. 1000’s of nucleotides join together to make DNA/RNA.

61. 3 Molecules Join to form a Nucleotide 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogen containing base (5 kinds).
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

62. Types of Nitrogen Containing Bases in:
DNA
RNA
Adenine A
Uracil U
Guanine G
Cytosine C
Adenine A
Thymine T
Guanine G
Cytosine C

63. In Summary:
The majority of molecules in living things are either:
Inorganic – ex. Water OR
Organic – ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
The chemical basis of life is a Unifying Theme
for all organisms