1. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

2. ARGUMENTATION
The aim of writing argumentative essays is to convince or persuade the reader.
One attempts to change the reader’s mind and convince the reader to agree with the point of view or claim of the writer.
So an argumentative essay needs to be highly persuasive and logical.

3. Key Terms to Learn
1. a person who disagrees with something and speaks against it
2. the act or process of forming reasons, drawing conclusions, and applying them to a case in discussion
3. point or statement that supports one’s ideas and/or thesis
4. point or statement in opposition to the argument being made in a written document or speech
5. the process of discrediting the arguments that oppose your thesis statement
6. someone who argues in favor of something; advocate 2
Argumentation _____
Refutation _____
Proponent _____
Opponent _____
Counter Argument (CON) ____
Pro Argument (PRO) _____ 5 6 1 4 3

4. WHAT ARE THE GOALS OF ARGUMENTATION?
present an opinion on a controversial topic to the reader;
explain, clarify and illustrate that opinion;
persuade the reader that the opinion supported in the essay is valid by:
a. moving the reader to action,
b. convincing the reader that the opinion is correct, or
c. persuading the reader that the opinion is at least worth considering;
support the opinion by means of giving evidence: facts, examples, physical description, support of authority, and statistics;
present counterarguments to the thesis and refute them respectfully and critically.

5. Arguable or Not Arguable?
Marijuana should be legalized.
Arguable
Smoking is harmful to people’s health.
Not Arguable
Salem is the best school in the district.
Emissions testing hurts the ozone.
Not arguable
Decide whether each of the statements is arguable or nor arguable. Then practice writing a few of your own statements.

6. Gather Data to Support Your Claim
Complete research as necessary
Use appropriate web sites
Make sure your experts are valid
Prepare your Works Cited page and your parenthetical citations (Source Notes) in advance
Because there is so much information on the web, it is important to validate your sources. Your teacher will help you in determining which sites are good for your assignment.

7. Logos, Pathos, and Ethos
Logos-logical appeal
Evidence and the reasoning based on that evidence
Ethos-ethical appeal
According to Aristotle--the credibility or trustworthiness that the author establishes in his writing
Pathos-Emotional appeal
Persuades the audience by using emotions
For a more detailed explanation of these types of appeals, refer to the Power Point titled Logos, Pathos, and Ethos. You should use a variety of appeals to defend your argument.

8. Introduction Attention Getter or Hook
Get the attention of the audience
Attention Getter or Hook
Provide background information to orient the reader to the issue
What does the reader need to know about this issue?
Define terms
Create a thesis statement or assertion to guide the reader
There are a variety of ways to form an argument. As you develop more sophistication and style in your writing, you might experiment with different strategies. A person writing about gun control, for example, might begin with an anecdote to appeal to the sympathy (pathos) of the reader. The more formal introduction may be later in the piece. Some writers get to the thesis at the end of the argument essay OR the thesis may be inferred.

9. The Antithesis Address the case of the opposition
Several paragraphs at the beginning or weaved throughout the paper (argument-concession)
Concede points which can not be refuted
Use signal words and phrases such as Admittedly, While it is true that etc.
Offer refutation for claims which can be countered
Use signal words and phrases such as It has been argued, However etc.
In order to provide a convincing argument, you should be aware of and ready to address the claims of the opposition. The arguments you make for your assertion are often referred to as pro arguments. The arguments you address that are against your position are referred to as the con. In a formal debate the team that is arguing for the proposition is Pro and the side that is arguing against the proposition is Con. The more you know about the case of the opposition, the better prepared you will be to craft your own argument.

10. Body Paragraphs Provide a clear topic sentence for each paragraph
Use Topic Sentence, Concrete Detail, Commentary (TS, CD, COMM) or Statement, Evidence, Explanation (S-E-E) or, Claim, Data, Warrant (CDW)
Build to the strongest argument
Use a variety of appeals
Demonstrate logic and reasoning
Address the opposition
In each paragraph you will provide evidence to support your thesis. The terms that we use at UMHS and in the district are as follows: Topic Sentence = TS, Concrete Details = CD, and Commentary = COMM. Other terms that you may hear are Statement, Evidence, Explanation, or Claim, Data, Warrant, etc. As you become more sophisticated in your writing, the commentary (analysis, explanation) will be more developed. Remember, the formula is not absolute. You may provide several pieces of evidence followed by a lengthy commentary or your concrete details and commentary may be interwoven throughout the paragraph.

11. Conclusion Restate your main premise
Provide a brief summary of your argument
Show how a group will benefit from following your assertion
Explain what might happen if your idea is not accepted
End with a rhetorical question
Ask for a call to action
These are just some of the possibilities for the conclusion to your argument essay. As with the introduction, there is no one right way to complete your essay; however, you should not add any new arguments to the conclusion.

12. Sample Argument Essay
Read the annotated essay on the next slide and review the following:
attention getter
organization
antithesis—con
how author refutes the con
connective words—transitions
development of arguments
slippery slope metaphor
conclusion