1. Blood

2. What is blood?
Type of connective tissue that transports substances between body cells and the external environment

3. Volume Men: 1.5 gallons Women: 0.875 gallons
Hematocrit - % of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements
Male: 46
Female: 42
Difference due mainly to androgen which stimulates rbc formation

5. Hemopoiesis
Occurs only in red bone marrow in adults

6. Erythrocytes
Biconcave discs (increased surface area. Stackable, squeezable)
Begins with nucleus, but extrudes during development
1/3 blood cell is hemoglobin
Gives blood its color
Lifespan is 120 days
Negative feedback utilizes erythropoietin to control the rate of rbc formation
produced by the kidney
cytokine for RBC precursors in the bone marrow
Vitamins needed: B12, folic acid, iron

7. Clinical Application Anemia: too few rbcs or too little hemoglobin
Hemochromatosis: inherited disorder in which the small intestine absorbs iron at ten times the normal rate

8. ABO Blood Group
Based on presence or absence of two major protein antigens on red blood cell membranes---antigen A and antigen B
A, B, AB, O
Have or lack antigen and have or lack antibody
Mismatched blood transfusion causes agglutination

9. Rh Blood Group Named after the rhesus monkey
If Rh antigen is present, then positive
Anti-Rh only appear in Rh-negative persons in response to special stimulation
Fetus can develop erythroblastosis fetalis

10. Bone Marrow Transplant
Autologous bone marrow transplant
Stem cells are taken from the patient before the patient gets chemotherapy or radiation treatment. When chemotherapy or radiation is done, the patient gets their stem cells back.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplant
Stem cells come from another person, who is called a donor. Donor stem cells come from the donor’s bone marrow or their blood.
Umbilical cord blood transplant
Stem cells are taken from an umbilical cord right after delivery of an infant. The stem cells are tested, typed, counted, and frozen until they are needed for a transplant.

11. Leukocytes Protect against disease
Produced in response to interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
WBCC: 5,000-10,000
Rising number may indicate infection
Below 5,000 indicates typhoid fever, influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, or poliomyelitus

12. Differential wbc count lists percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample
Useful b/c may change in particular diseases

13. Fighting Disease Phagocytize bacterial cells
Produce proteins (antibodies) that destroy or disable foreign particles

14. Thrombocytes Incomplete cells fragment into circulation
Help close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate formation of blood clots

15. Blood Plasma Proteins Electrolytes (maintain osmotic pressure, pH)
Albumin: helps maintain colloid osmotic pressure
Globulin: transports lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
Fibrinogen: blood coagulation
Electrolytes (maintain osmotic pressure, pH)
Na, K, Ca, Ma, Cl-, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate

16. Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding Break in vessel wall
Blood escaping through break
Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
Platelet plug helps control blood loss
Coagulation causes formation of a blood clot

17. Thrombus – blood clot forming abnormally in a vessel
Embolus – clot that dislodges and is carried away by the blood flow
Associated with altherosclerosis