1. MAP PROJECTIONS but before let’s review some basic concepts….

2. Types of Maps General Purpose Topographic Thematic/Choropleth Dot
Graduated Circle
Isometric/Isolines
Isopleth
Mental Maps

3. Scale Small-scale map 1:250, 000 shows less detail of a large area!
Large-scale map 1:50,000 shows more detail of a small area!

5. Latitude and Longitude

6. MAP PROJECTIONS What is a Map Projection?
Properties of Map Projections
Types of Map Projections

7. What is a Map Projection?
THE ONLY TRUE REPRESENTATION OF EARTH, FREE OF DISTORTION IS A GLOBE.
MAPS ARE FLAT
PROCESS BY WHICH GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS (LAT & LONG) ARE TRANSFORMED FROM A DIMENSIONAL SPHERE TO A 2 - DIMENSIONAL FLAT MAP IS CALLED A PROJECTION
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

8. Distortions SHAPE AREA DISTANCE DIRECTION
EVERY MAP PROJECTION DISTORTS AT LEAST THREE, AND SOMETIMES ALL FOUR, OF THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES:
SHAPE
AREA
DISTANCE
DIRECTION
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

9. Properties of Projections
The Cartographer decides on which projection to use depending on which properties of the earth are to be kept in the flat map. The following slides will give you a more detailed idea of these properties which will help you select the best map for your particular purpose.
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

10. Properties of Map Projections
CONFORMAL: A CONFORMAL PROJECTION MAINTAINS SHAPE IN SMALL LOCALIZED AREAS
EQUAL AREA: THESE PROJECTIONS SHOW THE AREAS OF ALL REGIONS ON THE MAP IN THE SAME PROPORTION TO THEIR TRUE AREAS ON THE GLOBE.
EQUIDISTANT: NO MAP CAN SHOW DISTANT CORRECTLY BETWEEN ALL POINTS ON A MAP, BUT ONLY FROM ONE, OR AT MOST TWO, POINTS TO ANY OTHER POINT. THIS PROJECTION MAINTAINS DISTANCE.
AZIMUTHAL: THIS PROJECTION CORRECTLY SHOWS DIRECTIONS (AZIMUTHS) FROM A SINGLE POINT TO ALL OTHER POINTS ON A MAP.
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

11. Types of Map Projections
Map projections are related to either a cylinder, cone or plane. Imagine a transparent globe with a light in the middle. You can project the globe onto a flat sheet of paper just as a picture is projected on a screen. In this case, because the earth is round, the paper can be rolled into a cylinder, a cone, or a plane. The projection is made, and the paper is unrolled to reveal your map! Even where you place the light source to make the projection becomes an issue. Does the light source go in the middle of the globe (Gnomonic), touching the globe (Stereographic) or off the globe altogether (Orthographic)? So, we have three basic types of map projections:
1. Cylindrical Conical Planar
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

12. Cylindrical Projections
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

13. Cylindrical Projections-The Map
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

14. Cylindrical Projections-The Map
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

15. Cylindrical Projections-The Map
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

16. Conical Projections Thank you Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

17. Conical Projections – The Map
Notice: this projection preserves the shape or conformal property
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

18. Conical Projections – The Map
Notice: this projection preserves the distance property
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

19. Azimuthal Projections
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

20. Azimuthal Projections – The Map
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

21. Azimuthal Projections – The Map
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

22. Azimuthal Projections – The Map
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

23. Summary
A Cartographer decides which map projection to use for his/her purposes.
You chose your projection based on the properties you want to preserve: equidistant – distance preserved conformal – shape preserved
equal area – area preserved
azimuthal – directions are preserved
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

24. Summary
You then decide on which type of projection you want. This depends on which area of the earth you want to display and how you want to display it:
Cylindrical – eg. Mercator
Conical – eg. Lambert
Planar – eg. Azimuthal
Each type of projection is associated with many different projections that preserve different properties. They each get their own name. For example, there is a Lambert Conformal Conic AND a Lambert Equidistant Conic
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

25. References
Most of the diagrams in this presentation were borrowed from the following website.
Dana, Peter H., “Map Projection Overview”, University of Colorado Boulder. (October, 2000): Online. Internet.  Available at
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

26. The End!