1. Politics and Economics in the New South

2. Industries in the South
After the Civil War, instead of shipping goods to the North for manufacturing, northern capital backed southern production of goods.
Farming also became diversified with additional crops such as grain, tobacco and fruits.
In order to transport goods from the South, railways were added and built by prison labor to keep costs down.
However, the South’s economy was still hampered by a lack of workers and a lack of capital following the Civil War.

3. Southern Farmers Face Hard Times
Even with the introduction of new crops, cotton still remained the dominant cash crop of the South.
After the war, a combination of lack of buyers and a boll weevil infestation severely hurt farmers’ profits.
To combat the loss of profits, farmers began lobbying for lower prices on supplies.
The local organizations of farmers gathered together to form the Farmer’s Alliance.
They lobbied the government to lower freight prices from railroads and the interest rates charged by banks.

4. Black Southerners Face Gains and Losses
Able to vote in elections and serve in the military;
Open businesses
Buy farmland
ACCESS TO EDUCATION
Losses:
Restrictions locally re: access to public accommodation
Faced intimidation and violence

5. Continued Discrimination
State governments limited the voting rights of African Americans in the ways:
Poll tax required voters to pay a tax
Literacy tests required voters to take a test of “understanding” before voting
Grandfather clause individuals could vote if their grandfathers could vote prior to 1866.
This year was chosen because it was prior to the passage of the 14th and 15th amendments.
Jim Crow laws also kept whites and blacks segregated.
These were various laws passed across the southern states that segregated by law (de jure) African Americans and whites.
In 1896, the court case Plessy v. Ferguson maintained the constitutionality of these Jim Crow laws, establishing the “separate but equal” doctrine.
This allowed for separate facilities for AAs and whites, as long as the two were ‘the same’.

6. Working Against Mistreatment
African Americans disagreed on how best to secure and maintain their new freedoms.
Booker T. Washington build economic resources and establish a reputation. Encouraged blacks to “pull themselves up by their bootstraps.”
W.E.B. Du Bois wanted blacks to demand full and immediate equality.
Ida B. Wells focused on eliminating lynching and raising awareness of the issue outside of the South.